Author :
Abstract
XXI. yüzyılda parçalanma ve yok olma tehdidinin hemen her coğrafyadan ve her refah seviyesinden devletler bakımından geçerli olabileceğinin pek çok örneği mevcuttur. Kimi devletler muhtelif zamanlarda ve düzeylerde bu gerilimi yaşarlarken bir dönem sömürge veya manda idaresi altında kalmış pek çok devlet bölünme veya yok olma tehlikesi ile neredeyse kuruluşlarından itibaren karşı karşıyadırlar. Devletleşme süreçleri ve sınırları bölgesel gerçekliklerden ziyade mandater veya sömürgeci gücün çıkarlarına göre belirlenmiş olan bu yapay devletlerin başarısızlık veya kırılganlık endekslerinde sürekli zirvede olmaları ve parçalanma ya da çöküş tehdidini devamlı surette yaşamaları tesadüf değildir. Bu çalışma İngiltere’nin Irak’ın kuruluş sürecindeki belirleyiciliğine odaklanarak kuruluş şeklinin, zamanının ve koşullarının ülkenin kendi iç dinamiklerinden ziyade İngiltere’nin politik tercihlerine dayandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Mezopotamya’daki milliyetçi Arapların I. Dünya Savaşı öncesinde beliren bağımsızlık ideallerine rağmen neticede ortaya çıkan devlet, onların ideallerini değil İngiltere’nin bölgedeki varlığını idame ettirme amacını yansıtmıştır. Dolayısıyla modern bir ulus-devlet olarak ortaya çıkmış gibi görünse de Irak’ın kuruluşu büyük ölçüde yapay bir süreçtir. Irak’ın bugün yaşadığı sorunlar, kuruluşundaki yapaylığın doğrudan doğruya bir sonucu olmasa bile Iraklı olmayan birinin kral olarak seçilmesi, idari yapının İngiliz çıkarlarını korumaya yönelik olarak tasarlanması ve Musul’un Türkiye’den koparılarak Irak’a bağlanması gibi kritik adımlar pek çok problemi barındırmaya yetecek ölçüde geniş bir zeminin oluşmasını sağlamıştır.
Keywords
Abstract
There are many examples that the threat of separation and destruction can be valid for states from almost every geography and welfare level in the 21st century. While some states experience this tension at various times and levels, some states that were under colonial or mandate rule for some time are faced with the danger of separation or destruction from their establishment. It is not a coincidence that these artificial states, whose nationalization processes and borders are determined by the interests of the mandate or colonialist powers rather than regional realities, are constantly at the top of the failure or fragility indexes, and that they constantly live the threat of separation. This study focuses on the decisive role of Britain in Iraq's establishment process and reveals that its form of establishment is based on Britain's political preferences rather than on Iraq's internal dynamics. Despite the nationalist Arabs’ ideals of independence in Mesopotamia before the World War I, the resulting state reflected not their ideals but the aim of maintaining the presence of Britain in the region. Therefore, although Iraq appears to have emerged as a modern nation-state, its establishment is largely an artificial process. Even if the problems Iraq faces today are not the direct consequences of its artificial establishment, the steps such as the election of a non-Iraqi as the king, the design of the administrative structure to serve for the protection of British interests, and the separation of Mosul from Turkey and its annexation to Iraq have created a vast enough ground for many problems to stir up.
Keywords
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