BAĞLANMA BOYUTLARININ ÖZTANIMLAYICI ANI ANLATILARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: BİR PSİKOLOJİK METİN ANALİZİ

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DOI : 10.26449/sssj.1018
Year-Number: 2018-25
Language : null
Konu :
Number of pages: 5471-5487
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Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bağlanma kaygı ve kaçınma boyutlarının öztanımlayıcı anıların içeriksel özellikleri ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Araştırma kapsamında 31 yetişkinden (23 kadın, 8 erkek) elde edilen 143 anının içeriği değerlendirilmiştir. Anıların içeriği LIWC Türkçe Psikolojik Metin Analizi Programı aracılığı ile hesaplanan dilsel kategoriler üzerinden analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, bağlanma kaygısının öztanımlayıcı anılarda kaygı bildiren ifadelerin kullanımını pozitif yönde yordadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca bağlanma kaygı ve kaçınma boyutlarının ortak etkisinin, öfke bildiren ifadelerin, arkadaşlık ilişkisini temsil eden ifadelerin, hareket bildiren ifadelerin ve fiillerde şimdiki zaman kullanımını yordadığı gözlenmiştir. Ortak etkiler incelendiğinde, kaçınmacı bireylerin öztanımlayıcı anı aktarımlarında korkulu bağlananlara kıyasla öfke ifadelerini daha sık kullandığı, fakat fiillerde hareket bildiren ifadeleri ve şimdiki zamanı daha nadir kullandığı gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, güvenli bağlanma stiline sahip bireyler, arkadaşlıkla ilişkili ifadeleri saplantılı bağlananlara oranla daha sık kullanmışlardır. Bulgular, bağlanma boyutlarının öztanımlayıcı anı içeriklerinin duyuşsal, sosyal ve dilsel özellikleri üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Keywords

Abstract

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship of attachment anxiety and avoidance dimensions to the content features of self-defining memories. The content of 143 memories collected from 31 adults (women = 23, men = 8) was examined using Turkish version of LIWC. Results revealed that attachment anxiety positively predicted the use of words referring to anxiety. The interaction of attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted the use of the words referring to anger, friendship, and motion, and the present tense. The interaction patterns showed that in their self-defining memory reports avoidant individuals were more likely to use the anger-related words, but less likely to use motion-related words and the present tense compared to fearful individuals. Results also indicated that individuals with secure attachment style were more likely to use words referring to friendship than preoccupied individuals. Findings indicate that attachment dimensions have a considerable effect on the affective, social, and linguistics aspects of the self-defining memories.

Keywords

Kaynakça

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  • Self-defining memory (SDM) is a specific type of autobiographical memory that is closely associated withdevelopmental goals of the self (Conway et al., 2004). Attachment orientations are most probably one of themain sources of individual differences in autobiographical memories. Attachment-related behaviours aresupposed to be organized around an affect-regulation system (Mikulincer & Florian, 2004) which serves as aprotective mechanism to cope with threatening stimuli (e.g., emotional memories). Addition to affectregulation strategies, the differences in the mental representations of the self and the others (Barthelomew &Horowitz, 1991) underlie the relationship between attachment behavioural system and autobiographicalmemory. The present study aims to investiagate how attachment anxiety and avoidance relate to content features of SDMs on the basis of previous research.
  • The limited number of studies has provided strong evidence for the effect of attachment on memoryprocesses. For instance, Mikulincer and Orbach (1995) demonstrated that secure individuals were morelikely to have moderate defensiveness, low anxiety, and high accessibility of negative memories, whereas theanxious-ambivalent attachment was marked by relatively high levels of anxiety and low levels ofdefensiveness. Avoidant persons were the most defensive group to negative memories and reportedmoderate-high levels of anxiety, so that their style was insufficient for reducing anxiety in spite of their highlevels of repression. Edelstein (2006) also found that avoidant individuals defensively limit the processing ofinformation that could activate attachment behavioural system. The results from the Adult AttachmentInterview (AAI) showed that secure discourse is marked by the capacity for fluid shifting of focus ofattention between memories evoked by discourse task and maintenance of coherent discourse with theinterviewer, whereas dismissing individuals tend to minimize the attention to attachment-related experiencesand preoccupied individuals overemphasize the attachment-related experiences (Hesse, 1996). In the contextof the phenomenological characteristics of autobiograpgical memories, Boyacioglu and Sumer (2011) foundthat attachment anxiety dimension predicted negative valence, visceral reactions during the recall, and vividness, whereas attachment avoidance dimension negatively predicted recollection.
  • Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised. ECR-R developed by Fraley et. al. (2000) is a self-reportmeasure for adult romantic attachment that consists of 18 items for attachment anxiety and 18 items for attachment avoidance.
  • In considering the affective association between attachment and SDMs, the results showed that individualswith an anxious attachment orientation were more likely to recall the SDMs which had anxious emotionaltone, as expected. Hyperactivating strategies seem to trigger anxiety during the recall of important memorieswhich serve in defining the self. As mentioned before, preoccupied individuals display a negative, simple,and less integrated self-structure. In other words, anxious attachment orientation is marked by negative self-view, low integration, and low differentiation of self-representations (Mikulincer, 1995). As seen inExamples 1 and 2, the participants with an anxious attachment orientation generally recalled negative eventsand expressed strongly their negative feelings. Especially in Example 2, affective arousal appears to initiatespread activation throughout the system and to cause the recall of separate negative events simultaneously. Example 1. ‘In the summer I graduated from primary school, my dad got sick. After the meal, he
  • With regard to attachment avoidance, the significant interaction showed that avoidant individuals were morelikely to use words related to anger than fearful individuals. Recall of the memories which are central for theself may be perceived as a threat by avoidant individuals and as a result, they may experience the feeling ofanger more strongly than fearful individuals. As mentioned before, avoidants have unrealistic positive self-views (Mikulincer, 1995, 1998), while fearfuls are suffered from the attachment pattern consisting bothnegative models for the self and for the others (Bartholomew ve Horowitz, 1991). Morevover, attachmentavoidance is related to negative emotions such as supressed anger, hostility, and hostile envy in the romanticrelationship contexts (Mikulincer ve Shaver, 2005). Therefore, evaluation of their self, self-related goals, orclose relationships may reflect on the use of words related to anger in regard to avoidant attachment. Incontrast, fearful individuals may have more ambivalent feelings during the recall of SDMs due to theircomplex secondary affect-regulation strategies. As seen in Examples, the main emotional tone of theparticipant with an avoidant attachment orientation against the loose of an important person or its possibility is anger.
  • The significant interaction showed that secure individuals were more likely to use words referring tofriendship such as “pal, buddy” than preoccupied individuals. This finding is unexpected at first glance sincepreoccupied individuals have insistent need to be loved and accepted by others (Mikulincer ve Florian,1998). Therefore, one might predict a positive association between words related to social relationships andanxious attachment orientation. Preoccupied participants might focus their relationships with their parents orromantic partners rather than their friends in their SDMs. Further exploration is required of this link in future studies.
  • Another finding related to narrative style showed that avoidant individuals used the present tenses lessfrequently than did fearful individuals. For avoidant individuals, the tendency to avoid using the presenttenses seems to serve as a shield for emotional content of personal memories and the past tenses may help tokeep away emotional experiences in terms of time and perception. Shaver and Mikulincer (2002b) noted thatfearfully avoidant individuals are similar to the AAI’s E3 subcategory of U category which is characterizedby traumas and losses. In U category of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) method, E3 which is asubcategory of preoccupied attachment is marked by intense anxiety and disorganized and generallytraumatic-related discourse. Accordingly, fearful individuals may fail to protect the distance between the present and the time when the event occurred.
  • In summary, the results of the present study indicated that attachment dimensions have a considerable impacton the content features of the SDMs. Avoidant attachment orientation was found to be related to the use ofthe present tenses, and words referring to anger and motion, while anxious attachment orientation was foundto be related the use of words referring to anxiety and friendship. Research on the relationships attachmentand memory contents using the content analysis programmes is relatively novel in the literature. On the basisof the past research such as the AAI classification method (George et al., 1985; Main et al., 1985) and securescript base method (Waters et al., 1998; Waters & Rodrigues-Doolabh, 2004), some content analysistechnique specific to attachment-related discourse in order to investigate qualitative nature of the relationshipbetween the attachment behavioural system and the autobiographical memory system could be developed infuture studies. Such advances in evaluation of the content of memories would be beneficial not only for thefurther studies on attachment-related memory processes, but also on cognitive structures and processes underlying attachment internal working models.
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