Author :
Abstract
Turizm, dünya ülkelerinin ekonomilerini canlandırmak için en önemli kaynak haline gelmiştir. Turizm altyapıda yatırımı teşvik etmekte, devletlerin ödemeler dengesini geliştirmelerine yardımcı olmakta ve ekonomik fırsat eşitliği sağlayarak iş fırsatlarının yaratılmasına ve yerel halkın yaşam koşullarının iyileştirilmesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Ancak bunun sağlanması için bu faaliyetlerin uzun vadeli olması gerekir. Çalışmanın amacı, Shahat'ta (Libya’da bir bölge) turizm gelişimine yönelik tutumlarının araştırılmasına göre, turizmde kilit paydaşların sağlayabileceği desteğin derecesini tanımak suretiyle gelecekte Shahat'ta sürdürülebilir turizm gelişimi yaratma olasılığını araştırmaktır. Shahat, çalışma için bir vaka olarak seçilmiştir. Çünkü Shahat, birçok ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel sorunlara çözüm bulmak için acil kalkınma projelerine ihtiyaç duyan Libya'daki diğer şehirleri temsil etmektedir. Bu çalışma için ikincil kaynaklar kullanılarak yapılan çalışmalardan yayınlanan raporlar, tablolar, görüntüler ve haritalardan yararlanılmıştır. Ayrıca bazı turistik yerlere saha ziyaretleri de yapılarak gözlem yöntemi de kullanılmıştır.
Keywords
Abstract
Tourism has become the most important source for stimulating the economies of countries of the world. Tourism stimulates investment in infrastructure and helps states to improve their balance of payments, and help to create job opportunities and improve the living conditions of local people by helping to equalize economic opportunities. But tourism development in order to be useful in the long term must be sustainable. The aim of the study is to explore the possibility of creating sustainable tourism development in the Shahat (in Libya) in the future, by recognizing the extent of support that can be provided by key stakeholders for tourism, according to the study of their attitudes toward tourism development in Shahat . The Shahat was selected as a case for the study. Because Shahat is representative of other cities in Libya which are in urgent need of development projects in order to find solutions to many economic, social and environmental problems. For this study, the researcher used reports, studies, books, tables, images and maps published together with field visits to some tourist sites including close monitoring of the reality as a secondary source.
Keywords
- Adams, W. (2006). The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and development in the Twenty-
- Adams, W. (2006). The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and development in the Twenty-first Century. Gland, Switzerland, The World Conservation Union. (18 April2016). Retrieved from://www.iucn.org>
- Baira, A. (2007). Public Policies for Administrative Development in Libya - a holistic perspective. Paperpublished in the book of First National Conference on Public Policy in Libya. Benghazi, Research Center, University of Benghazi.
- Baker, S. (2006) .Sustainable Development. Abingdon, Routledge.
- Ballantyne, R., Packer, J. & Sutherland, L. (2011). Visitors’ memories of wildlife tourism: Implications for the design of powerful interpretive experiences. Tourism Management, 32(4), 770-779.
- Bel-haj, Trog. (2011). Tourist groups coming to the Archaeological Bel-haj Troglodyte in the GGC. Libya (2005 – 2010)
- Binns, T. & Nel, E. (2002). Tourism as a local development strategy in South Africa. The geographical journal, 168(3), 235-247.
- Britton, S. G. (1982). The political economy of tourism in the Third World. Annals of tourism research, 9(3), 331-358.
- Brohman, J. (1996). New directions in tourism for third world development. Annals of tourism research, 23(1), 48-70.
- Burns, P. (2008). Tourism, political discourse and post-colonialism. tourism and hospitality planning & development, 5 (1), 61-71.
- Cater, E. (1991). Sustainable tourism in the Third World: problems and prospects. Sustainable tourism in the Third World: problems and prospects., (3).
- Clarkson, M. R E. (1995). A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of management review, 20(1), 92-117.
- Bass, S., & Dalal-Clayton, B. (2012). Sustainable development strategies: a resource book. Routledge.
- Cronin, L. (1990) A strategy for tourism and sustainable developments. World Leisure & Recreation, 32 (3), 12-18.
- Dann, G. M. (2001). Slavery, contested heritage and thanatourism. International journal of hospitality & tourism administration, 2(3-4), 1-29.
- Dresner, S. (2008) .The Principles of Sustainability. (2nd ed) .Earthscan.
- Europarc (2001). Loving them to death? Sustainable tourism in Europe’s Nature and National Parks. Belgium, Europarc Federation.
- GCT, (1999). The general plan for the development of tourism in Libya (1999 – 2018). General Committee for Tourism, Tripoli.
- Giddings, B., Hopwood, B., and O'brien, G. (2002). Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development. Sustainable development, 10(4), 187-196.
- Goodland, R., and Daly, H. (1996). Environmental sustainability: universal and non‐negotiable. Ecological applications, 6(4), 1002-1017.
- Grimble, R., and Wellard, K. (1997). Stakeholder methodologies in natural resource management: a review of principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities. Agricultural systems, 55(2), 173-193.
- Hall, C. M., and Lew, A. A. (2009). Understanding and managing tourism impacts: An integrated approach. Routledge.
- Hardy, A., Beeton, R. J., and Pearson, L. (2002). Sustainable tourism: An overview of the concept and its position in relation to conceptualisations of tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(6), 475-496.
- Haughton, G. (1999). Environmental Justice and the Sustainable City. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 18(3), 233-243.
- Houri, K., Sameh, M., and Bahlol, A. (2001). The principles of the economics of travel and tourism. (1st ed). Warraq Publishing Corporation, Jordan.
- Hunter, C. (1997). Sustainable tourism as an adaptive paradigm. Annals of tourism research, 24(4), 850-867.Jafari , J. (2001) The scientification of tourism. In: Smith, V. & Brent, M. (eds) Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century,28-41.
- Jafari, J. (1990) Research and Scholarship: The basis of Tourism Research. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 1 (1),33-41.
- Kodra, M., & Bader, J. (2008). Tourism marketing. Nineveh house for studies and publishing, Damascus. Lee, N., and Lings, I. (2008). Doing business research: a guide to theory and practice. Sage.
- Lélé, S. (1991) Sustainable Development: A Critical Review. World Development, 19 (6),607-621.
- Liu, Z. & Wall, G. (2006). Planning tourism employment: a developing country perspective. Tourism Management, 27, 159-170.
- LTM, (2012). Laws and legislation. Website of the Libyan Tourism Ministry.( 6 March2017) Retrieved from, www.pm.gov.ly/ministries/ministry-of-tourism.html
- Manning, T. (1999). Indicators of Tourism Sustainability. Tourism Management, 20 (1999),179- 181.Mowforth, M., & Hunt, I. (1998). Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London: Route ledge.
- Neto, F. (2003). A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection. Natural Resources Forum, 27, 212-222.
- Owen, R., Witt, S. & Gammon, S. (1993). Sustainable tourism development in Wales: From theory to practice. Tourism Management, 14 (6), 463-474.
- Pearce, D., Markandya, A. & Barbier, E. (1989). Blueprint for a Green Economy. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd.
- Pearce, P. (2003) .The classic collection: JTS articles in demand from 1990-2000. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14 (1) ,1-5.
- Redclift, M. (1987) Sustainable Development: Exploring the contradictions. London, Routledge. Redclift, M. (1992) The Meaning of Sustainable Development. Geoforum, 23 (3),395-403.
- Redclift, M. (2008) Sustainable Development. In: Desai, V. & Potter, R. eds. The Companion to Development Studies. 2nd ed. London, Hodder Education,279-282.
- Reid, D. (2003) Tourism, Globalisation and development: Responsible Tourism Planning. Pluto Press, London.
- Robinson, J. (2004) .Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development. Ecological Economics, Vol 48, 369-384.
- Sharpley, R. (2000).Tourism and sustainable development: exploring the theoretical divide. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 1-19.
- Sharpley, R. (2002). The challenges of economic diversification through tourism: the case of Abu Dhabi. International Journal of Tourism Research, (4), 221–235.
- Sharpley, R. (2009).Tourism development and the environment: beyond sustainability? Abingdon, Earthscan.
- Shuib, A. (2008). Asian tourism demand for Malaysia: a Bound test Approach. Contemporary Management Research, 4(4), 351-368.
- Southgate, C., & Sharpley, R. (2002). Tourism, development and the environment. Tourism and development: Concepts and issues, 231-264.
- Tao, T. and Wall, G. (2009).Tourism as a Sustainable Livelihood Strategy, Tourism Management.
- Telfer, D. (2002) .The evolution of tourism and development theory. In: Sharpley, R. &Telfer, D. (eds) Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues. Clevedon, Channel View Publications, 35-78.
- Telfer, D., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Tourism and development in the developing world. Abingdon, Routledge.Tosun, C. & Jenkins, C. (1998) The Evolution of Tourism Planning in Third-World Countries: A Critique. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, (4), 101-114.
- Twining-Ward, L. (1999) Towards sustainable tourism development: observations from a distance. Tourism Management, (20), 187-188.
- Weaver, D. (2006) Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice. London, Elsevier- Butterworth.
- Wight, P. (2002). Supporting the Principles of Sustainable Development in Tourism and Ecotourism: Government’s Potential Role. Current Issues in Tourism, 5 (3&4), 222-244.
- WTTC, (2007,2008 ,2012,2015,2016). Site of the World Travel and Tourism Council . on the web: www.wttc.org.
