BEREKETLİ HİLAL’DE HAYVAN EVCİLLEŞTİRME SÜRECİNİN EVRİMİ VE KÜLTÜRLERARASI KARŞILAŞMALAR (MÖ. 10000 – 7000)
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Abstract
Bereketli Hilal, insanoğlunun avcı-toplayıcı geçim tarzını tedricen terk ederek yiyecek üretmeye başladığı coğrafyaların ilkidir. Erken köyler, Levant (Doğu Akdeniz kıyıları), Kuzey Suriye, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Batı İran’ı kapsayan bu bölgede doğmuştur. Besicilik de, erken yerleşimleri kuran ve önceleri av hayvanı olarak tükettikleri yabani türleri birkaç binyıl içinde evcilleştiren toplulukların eseridir. Besin üretimine dair ilk adımlar MÖ. 11-10. binyıllarda atılmıştır. Avcılığın hala asıl geçim kaynağı olduğu bu devirde, hayvan yönetimi (evcilleştirme-öncesi çobanlık) adı verilen yeni bir geçim stratejisi uygulanmış; vahşi hayvan habitatı insan müdahalesi ile (erken köyleri içerecek biçimde) genişletilmiştir. Evcilleştirme (hayvanın morfolojik değişim geçirmesi) ise, bu girişimlerden iki binyıl sonra gerçekleşir. MÖ. 8000 itibariyle evcil keçi/koyun topluluklarının Bereketli Hilal’in tamamında yaygınlaşmaya başladığı görülür. Onları MÖ. 7000’den sonra (tahılların ve baklagillerin de evcilleştirilmesi sayesinde) daha iri cüsseli domuz ve sığır takip edecektir. Makalede, öncelikli merkez Güneydoğu Anadolu olmakla birlikte, hayvan evcilleştirme sürecine çok sayıda toplumun değişen oranlarda katıldığı ve besin üretiminden kaynaklanan nüfus artışları ile kültürel karşılaşmaların yeni geçim stratejisinin yayılımına büyük katkı sağladığı öne sürülmektedir.
Keywords
Abstract
The Fertile Crescent region is the earliest centre of food production in the world. The world’s earliest known settlements have been established in this region including the Levant, Northern Syria, Southeastern Anatolia and Western Iran. This is where animal breeding first emerged. From as early as 10000 BCE, humans began a gradual transition away from hunting toward “animal management” in which they intervened with morphologically wild ungulates prior to a domestic status (more precisely in Southeastern Anatolia). Domestication, i.e. human-induced selection process for the adaptation of ungulates to humans’ environment, however, can take hundreds of years. By 8000 BCE, the domesticated goats and sheep were introduced in areas where they had not previously existed. By 7000, pig and cattle husbandry was integrated into the existing economy of mixed farming and herding. Archaeological evidence and genetic data suggest interaction, exchange and knowledge transfer between early farmers of Fertile Crescent. Thus, ancient cross-cultural encounters (exchange, colonization, and emulation), most probably caused by rapid population growth, i.e. neolithic demographic transition, played a decisive role in the shaping of the process of ungulate domestication.
Keywords
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