KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR PERSPEKTİFLE KANADA, ENDONEZYA VE GÜNEY KORE OMBUDSMANLARI: YAPISAL-KURUMSAL VE İŞLEVSEL DEĞERLENDİRME

Author :  

DOI : 10.26449/sssj.347
Year-Number: 2018-13
Language : null
Konu :
Number of pages: 258-268
Mendeley EndNote Alıntı Yap

Abstract

Ombudsman, kamusal organlar karşısında vatandaşların mağdur olduğu konularda şikayetlerini kabul eden ve bunları belirli bir prosedür çerçevesinde sonuca ulaştıran bir kurumdur. Ombudsman, hızlı, kararlı ve objektif bir biçimde kamu yönetimini dışarıdan denetleyen bir mekanizmadır. Bu bakımdan toplumsal ve siyasal alanda güven bağlarının kurulmasında ve devletin meşruiyet kanallarının güçlendirilmesinde önemli rolü vardır. Günümüzde dünyanın tüm kıtalarında ve farklı devletlerinde uygulama alanı bulan bu idari kurum, temelde demokrasinin ve insan haklarının güçlendirilmesi için çaba harcamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, belirli karşılaştırma kriterlerine bağlı olarak Kanada, Endonezya ve Güney Kore’de uygulanmakta olan kamusal ombudsmanlık kurumları karşılaştırılmaktadır. Ombudsmanlar karşılaştırılırken kurumların yapısal-kurumsal ve işlevsel yönleri (kuruluş/tarihsel gelişim, görev, atanma, şikayet kabulü, çalışma yöntemi, çalışmanın sonuçlandırması ve etkinlik/yaptırımı) üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu bakımdan çalışmanın amacı, dünyanın farklı kıtalarından üç devletin/ülkenin ombudsmanlık kurumlarının karşılaştırılması ve aralarındaki farkların kriterler ile ortaya konmasına dayanmaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışma ile ülkelerin demokrasi düzeyleri, kamu yönetimi kalitesi ve ombudsman arasında bir ilişki kurulması da planlanmaktadır.

Keywords

Abstract

The Ombudsman is an institution that accepts complaints about the victims of citizens against public organs and delivers them in a specific procedure. The Ombudsman is a mechanism that externally controls public administration in a fast, decisive and objective manner. In this respect, it plays an important role in the establishment of social and political intellectual trust and in the strengthening of the legitimacy channels of the state. Today, this administrative institution which finds application in different states and all the continents of the world is basically endeavoring to strengthen democracy and human rights. This study compares the public ombudsman institutions that are being implemented in Canada, Indonesia and South Korea depending on certain comparison criteria. When ombudsmen are compared, the structural-institutional and functional aspects (establishment/historical development, task, appointment, acceptance of complaint, working method, conclusion of the work and efficiency/sanction) of institutions are emphasized. The purpose of the study in this respect is to compare the differences between the ombudsman institutions and the criteria of the three countries of the different continents of the world with the criteria. It is also planned to establish a relationship between countries' democratic levels, public management quality and the ombudsman.

Keywords

Kaynakça

  • Alberta Ombudsman (2018). https://www.ombudsman.ab.ca/, (12.01.2018).
  • Alberta Ombudsman (2018). https://www.ombudsman.ab.ca/, (12.01.2018).
  • Asmara, G. (2016). “Chacracteristics of Ombudsman Institution in Indonesia Compared with OmbudsmanInstitution in Sweden, United Kingdom, France and Netherlands”, PADJADJARAN (Jurnal ıIlmu Hukum), 3(1): 43-62.
  • Aydoğdu, Y. (2017). “Güney Kore’de Uygulanan Hükümet Sistemi Üzerine İncelemeler”, TAAD, 31 (Temmuz): 691-720.
  • Baek, B.-S. (2010). “Do We Need National Human Rights Institutions?: The Experience of Korea”, Cornell Law School J.S.D./Doctoral Student Papers. Paper 4: 1-12.
  • Bere, P. (2016). “Government Legal Policy in the Era of Reformation in Combating Corruption in Indonesia”, Academic Research International, 7(1) January: 151-158.
  • Bernt, W. & Owen, S. (2000). “The Ombudsman in Canada”, (Eds. Roy Gregory, Philip Giddings), Righting Wrongs: The Ombudsman in Six Continents, pp.127-141, IOS Press, The Netherlands.
  • Bolongaita, E. P. (2010). An exception to the rule? Why Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Commission succeedswhere others don’t – a comparison with the Philippines’ Ombudsman, Anti-Corruption Resource Center,August 2010, http://www.u4.no/publications/an-exception-tothe-rule-why-indonesia-s-anti-corruption-commission-succeeds-where-others-don-t-acomparison-with-the philippines-ombudsman/ (03.01.2018).
  • BTSO (2016). Güney Kore Ülke Raporu, Bursa Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası, Haziran, http://www.btso.org.tr/documents/countryreport/14.pdf (02.01.2018).
  • Carlota, S. T. (1990). “The Ombudsman: Its Effectivity and Visibility Amidst Bureaucratic Abuse and Irregularity”, Philippine Law Journal, 65: 12-29.
  • Carmona, G. V. (2011). “Strengthening the Asian Ombudsman Association and the Ombudsman Institutionsof Asia”, Strengthening the Ombudsman Institution in Asia: Improving Accountability in Public ServiceDelivery through the Ombudsman, Public Management, pp.1-56, Financial Sector, and Trade/2011, Asian Development Bank, the Philippines.
  • Carmona, G. V. (2018). Ensuring Accountability in Privatized and Decentralized Delivery of PublicServices: The Role of the Asian Ombudsman (Conference Paper), http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000144322.pdf (01.01.2018).
  • Casaccia, E. P. (2013). “The Role of the Ombudsman in implementing Transparency and Accountability inSecurity Sector: A comparative Approach between Australia, Canada and United States of America”, Master Thesis, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano.
  • Darling, I. (2018). The Role of Ombudsman in Canada & the USA, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260318633_The_Role_of_Ombudsman_in_Canada_the_USA
  • DEİK (2015). Kanada Ülke Raporu, Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu, Ağustos, https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/kanada-ulke-raporu-agustos-2015-2.pdf (03.01.2018).
  • Demir, G. (2002). Ombudsman Aranıyor, Ahi Kültürünü Araştırma Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • DESA (2006). Canada Public Administration Country Profile, Division for Public Administration andDevelopment Management (DPADM) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, April.
  • DESA (2005). Indonesia Public Administration Country Profile, Division for Public Administration andDevelopment Management (DPADM) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, February.
  • DESA (2007). Republic of Korea Public Administration Country Profile, Division for Public Administrationand Development Management (DPADM) Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, May.
  • Eder, T. S. (2016a). “Indonesia”, (Eds. Ursula Kriebaum, Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer), Asian Ombudsman Institutions: A comparative legal analysis, pp. 140-147, Verlag Österreich GmbH, Germany.
  • Eder, T. S. (2016b). “Republic of Korea (South Korea)”, (Eds. Ursula Kriebaum, Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer), Asian Ombudsman Institutions: A comparative legal analysis, pp. 258-267, Verlag Österreich GmbH, Germany.
  • Eken, M.; Tuzcuoğlu, F. & Özcan, L. (2013). “Kanada’da Yerel Yönetimler”, (Eds. Murat Okçu, Hüseyin Özgür), Dünyada Yerel Yönetimler: Örnekler-Uygulamalar, ss. 449-479, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Eryıldız, Ü. (2006). Ombudsmanlık: Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu, Adalet Bakanı Danışmanı, Yay. Yk., Ankara.
  • Eşsiz, V. (2009). İnsan Hakları Ulusal Kurumları: Farklı Coğrafyalar, BaşkaDeneyimler,http://www.ihop.org.tr/2009/10/05/nsan-haklar-ulusal-kurumlar-farkl-corafyalar baka deneyimler/ (12.01.2018).
  • Fendoğlu, H. T. (2011). Kamu Denetçiliği (Ombudsmanlık), Yetkin Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Fortier, I. (2009). “Quebec Ombudsman’s Evolution: Assessment of Reactive and Proactive Roles in theContext of Administrative Reforms”, (Ed. Stewart Hyson), Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada, pp. 211-240, University of Toronto Press, Canada.
  • Friedmann, K. A. (1970). “The Alberta Ombudsman”, The University of Toronto Law Journal, 20(1) Winter: 48-55.
  • Gibbons, K. (2009). “Manitoba Ombudsman: Protecting Citizens through Fairness, Equity, andAccountability?”, (Ed. Stewart Hyson), Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada, pp. 80- 101, University of Toronto Press, Canada.
  • Hamilton, I. (2007). “The Ombudsman in Manitoba”, Canadian Parliamentary Review, Spring: 12-15.
  • Harijanti, S. D. (2014). “The evolution of the Indonesian Ombudsman System”, International Journal of Public Law and Policy, 4(1): 37-52.
  • Efe, H. & Demirci, M. (2013). “Ombudsmanlık Kavramı ve Türkiye’de Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumundan Beklentiler”, Sayıştay Dergisi, 90/Temmuz-Eylül: 49-72.
  • Hong, S.-P. (2011). A Comparative Study on Ombudsman Institutions in Asian Region, Anti-Corruption &Civil Rights Commission Korea Republic,file:///C:/Users/hpp/Downloads/A%20Comparative%20Study%20on%20Ombudsman%20Institutions%20in %20Asian%20Region%202011%20(1).pdf (11.08.2015).
  • Hyson, S. (2004). The Institutionalisation of the Ombudsman Idea: The Case of New Brunswick'sOmbudsman, the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Associ- ation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, June 3.
  • Hyson, S. (2008). Adapting the Ombudsman Idea to the 21st Century: Fighting Puffery, E-Government, andForensic Investigations, the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 6.
  • Hyson, S. & Munro, G. (2009). “Ontario Ombudsman: A Game of Trust”, (Ed. Stewart Hyson), Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada, pp. 186-210, University of Toronto Press, Canada.
  • Ivany, R. (1983). “Alberta”, (Ed. Gerald E. Caiden), International Handbook of the Ombudsman: Country Surveys, Vol. II, pp. 41-44, Greenwood Press, The United State of America.
  • Jamieson, R. L. (2000). “The Ombudsman of Ontario, Canada”, (Eds. Kamal Hossain, Leonard F.M.Besselink, Haile S.G. Selassie, Edmond Völker), Human Rights Commissions and Ombudsman Offices:National Experiences throughout the World, pp. 511-524, Kluwer Law International, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Great Britain.
  • Kavas, K. (1999). “Endonezya”, (Ed. Muammer Türker), Dünyada Mahalli İdareler, ss. 647-652, T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Yayını, Ankara.
  • Kim, K.-I. (1995). “Propositions for the Development of the Public Grievances Commission (A Korean Style Ombudsman)”, The Korean Journal of Policy Studies, 10: 155-172.
  • Kim, S. (2010). “Collaborative Governance in South Korea: Citizen Participation in Policy Making and Welfare Service Provision”, Asian Perspective, 34(3): 165-190.
  • Koo, J.-W. & Ramirez, F. O. (2009). “National Incorporation of Global Human Rights: WorldwideExpansion of National Human Rights Institutions, 1966-2004”, Social Forces, 87(3), March, The University of North Carolina Press: 1321-1353.
  • KTO (2015). Endonezya Ülke Raporu, Konya Ticaret Odası, Konya, Ağustos, http://www.kto.org.tr/d/file/endonezya-ulke-raporu_2015.20170825114529.pdf (15.01.2018).
  • Kuruüzüm, İ. (2008). “Ombudsman Kurumu, Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği ve Kültür ve Turizm Sektörü İçinBir Uygulama Model Önerisi”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, İstanbul.
  • Kuye, J. O. & Kakumba, U. (2008). “The Ombudsman Institutions in the Procurement of LegalResponsibilities in the Commonwealth: An Overview of Canada, South Africa and Uganda”, Journal of Public Administration, 43(3.1) October: 156-168.
  • Hill, L. B. (1976). The Model Ombudsman: Institutionalizing New Zealand’s Democratic Experiment, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Malik, M. S. (2007). A Comprehensive Analysis of the Law of the Ombudsman, Aberdeen University Press, The United State of America.
  • Marshall, M. A. & Reif, L. C. (1995). “The Ombudsman: Maladministration and Alternative Dispute Resolution”, Alberta Law Review, XXXIV(1): 215-239.
  • McClellan, G. B. (1969). “The Role of the Ombudsman”, University of Miami Law Review, 23(2): 463-475.McKenna, P. F. (2018). Provincial and Territorial Ombudsman Offices in Canada, Book Review, http://library.uwp.ac.id/digilib/files/disk1/11/--canadianpu-543-8-8.pdf (06.01.2018).
  • Miş, N.; Aslan, A.; Ayvaz, M. E. & Duran, H. (2015). Dünyada Başkanlık Sistemi Uygulamaları: ABD, Brezilya, Arjantin, Meksika, Güney Kore ve Şili, SETA, İstanbul.
  • OAİB (2016). Endonezya Ülke Raporu, Orta Anadolu İhracatçı Birlikleri, Mayıs,http://www.demirbirlik.org/Eklenti/36,endonezyaulkeraporupdf.pdf?0&_tag1=A1C5272010DE47AD6BED D5FEF65A6025166CA6FF (07.01.2018).
  • Oh, C. H. (2011). “Citizen Participation on theWeb: The Case of ‘epeople’ in Korea”, (Eds. Marc Holzer,Dongsung Kong, Daniel Bromberg), Citizen Participation: Innovative and Alternative Modes for EngagingCitizens: Cases from the United States and South Korea, pp. 137-154, National Center for Public Performance, ASPA, USA.
  • Ombudsman Ontario (2018a). Ombudsman History in Ontario, https://www.crrf-fcrr.ca/images/pdf/history- handout.pdf (03.01.2018).
  • Ombudsman Ontario (2018b). https://www.ombudsman.on.ca/home (03.01.2018).
  • Özden, K. (2010). Ombudsman: Türkiye’deki Tartışmalar, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Park, C.-m. & Bae, J. H. (2008). The State of Democratic Governance in South Korea: From the Perspectiveof Ordinary Citizens, Prepared for presentation at the Asian Barometer conference on the State of Democratic Governance in Asia, held in Taipei, Taiwan on June 20-21.
  • Parlak, B. & Doğan, K. C. (2015). Kamu Yönetiminde Denetim: Karşılaştırmalı Ülke İncelemeleriBağlamında Türkiye’de Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu’nun (Ombudsmanın) Uygulanabilirliği, Ekin Basım Yayım, Eylül, Bursa.
  • Parlak, B. & Doğan, K. C. (2016). “Ombudsman: Kavram ve Tarihsel Gelişim”, (Eds. Bekir Parlak, KadirCaner Doğan), Karşılaştırmalı Ombudsman İncelemeleri: Dünyanın Altı Kıtasında Ülke Ombudsmanlarının Yapısal-Kurumsal ve İşlevsel Açılardan Analizi, ss. 19-24, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Pickl, V. J. (1986). “Ombudsman ve Yönetimde Reform”, çev. Turgay Ergun, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 19(4): 37-46.
  • Pramusinto, A. (2006). Building Good Governance in Indonesia: Cases of Local Government Efforts toEnhance Transparency, Paper Presented At The Eropa Conference: Modernising The Civil Service Reformİn Alignment With National Development Goals, Bandar Seri Begawan Brunai Darussalaam, 13-17November, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/eropa/unpan027462.pdf (10.01.2018).
  • Province of Alberta (2015). Ombudsman Act, Alberta Queen’s Printer, Revised Statutes of Alberta 2000 Chapter O-8 Current as of December 11.
  • Quebec Ombudsman (2018). https://protecteurducitoyen.qc.ca/en (13.01.2018).
  • Quixada, C. (2010). Newspaper Ombudsmanship in Canada: The Rise and Fall of an Accountability System,A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Journalism, Carleton University, Canada.
  • Reif, L. C. (2004). The Ombudsman, Good Governance and the International Human Rights System, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, the Netherlands.
  • Reuss, H. S. & Anderson, S. V. (1966). “The Ombudsman: Tribune of the People”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 363, Ethics in America: Norms and Deviations (Jan.): 44-51.
  • Rho, S.-Y. & Lee, S. J. (2010). “History and Context of Public Administration in South Korea”, (Eds. EvanM. Berman, M. Jae Moon, Heungsuk Choi), Public Administration in East Asia: Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, pp. 329-354, CRC Press, The United States of America.
  • Richardson, J. (2018). Having A Federal Ombudsman, Occasional Paper 35, International OmbudsmanInstitute, University Of Alberta, Canada,file:///C:/Users/kad%C4%B1r/Downloads/IOI%20Canada_Occasional%20Paper%2035_Jack%20Richardso n_Having%20federal%20OM_1986%20(1).pdf (01.01.2018).
  • Safa’at, M. A. (2010). Assessment of Indonesia’s Human Rights Progress and Contribution as a Member ofthe United Nations Human Rights Council, http://safaat.lecture.ub.ac.id/files/2011/11/Report-Assessment-of- Indonesias-Role-1march.pdf (01.01.2018).
  • Sapers, H. & Zinger, I. (2010). “The Ombudsman as a Monitor of Human Rights in Canadian Federal Corrections”, Pace Law Review, 30(5) Fall: 1512-1528.
  • Setiawan, K. M. P. (2013). Promoting Human Rights: National Human Rights Commissions in Indonesia and Malaysia, Leiden University Press, Leiden.
  • Sezen, S. (2001). “Ombudsman: Türkiye İçin Nasıl Bir Çözüm? Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu Kanunu Tasarısı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 34(4), Aralık: 71-96.
  • Sheppard, C.-A. (1964). “An Ombudsman for Canada”, McGILL Law Journal, 10(4): 291-340.
  • Sherlock, S. (2002). “Combating Corruption in Indonesia? The Ombudsman and the Assets Auditing Commission”, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 38(3): 367–83.
  • Sherlock, S. (2018). Indonesia’s third democratic transition: are the parties ready for the 2014 presidentialelection?, Centre for Democratic Institutions, Crawford School of Public Policy,ANU,http://archives.cap.anu.edu.au/cdi_anu_edu_au/.IND/201213/2013_02_14_RES_IND_SS_NSC_conf_ CBR/NSC_Indonesia_Sherlock_18_April.pdf (02.01.2018).
  • Sobacı, M. Z. & Köseoğlu, Ö. (2016). Başkanlık Sistemlerinde Yerel Yönetimler: ABD, Brezilya, Şili, Endonezya ve Güney Kore, SETA, İstanbul.
  • Surachman, RM (2018). National Ombudsman Commission of Indonesia: Comparative Aspects, file:///C:/Users/hpp/Downloads/IAL001100_023.pdf (05.01.2018).
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2018a). Kanada'nın Siyasi Görünümü, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/kanada-siyasi- gorunumu.tr.mfa (02.01.2018).
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2018b). Endonezya'nın Siyasi Görünümü, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/endonezya-siyasi-T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2018c). Güney Kore’nin Siyasi Görünümü, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/guney-kore- siyasi-gorunumu.tr.mfa (02.01.2018).
  • Tonwe, D. A. (2013). “A Review of the Powers and Jurisdictional Remit of the Ombudsman Institution in Botswana”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(13), November: 11-18.
  • Tsoutsias, E. (2007). Ombudsman Ontario and Mandate Modernization: What are the Chances?, the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting, 2007, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan June 1.
  • Yoon, G. S. (2016). Competing Modes of Governance in South Korea, Prepared for the delivery at the 24thWorld Congress of Political Science organized by the International Political Science Association, July 23-28, Poznan, Poland.
MAKALE İSTATİSTİKLERİ

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        



                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                      
                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
LINKS

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
     Last issue
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
         Previous issues
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    Article Statistics
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        




                                                                                                                                                                                                        


                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        



                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
Share