SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL (SSSJournal), Year 2024 Issue Cilt 10 Sayı 11

A review of Porter’s generic strategies: Strategy examples in international firms

Safa Acar — 2026-07-16

This research aims to analyze and compare the competitive strategies of seven firms operating in international markets by applying content analysis to their 2020 strategic reports. Using Michael Porter's framework of generic strategies—differentiation, cost leadership, focus, and combinations thereof—the study reveals key structures and patterns in the firms' approaches. The content analysis shows that cost leadership is the most preferred strategy, with many firms also integrating both cost leadership and differentiation strategies to gain competitive advantage. These findings highlight the unique strategies each firm develops. The study is limited by its focus on a small number of firms during a specific time period, the incomplete availability of certain report details, and the subjectivity of qualitative analysis. Future research should explore the integration of cost leadership and differentiation strategies in more depth, emphasizing the value of a multi-strategy approach.

3D Sgrafitto on Ceramic Surfaces

Sanver Özgüven — 2026-07-16

This study explores the application of computer-aided designs (CAD) to clay surfaces using the Sgraffito engraving technique. The project aimed to modernize traditional Sgraffito techniques by employing computer-controlled engraving machines, allowing for enhanced precision and repeatability. Various types of clay bodies—plastic, leather-hard, and dry—were tested to identify the optimal hardness level for machine engraving. The results indicated that leather-hard clay provided the best outcomes, minimizing issues such as chipping and dust formation that were observed in softer and drier clay bodies. The initial phase involved developing a 3D ceramic printer. The mechanical components were assembled, and software such as Carbide Create and Candle were used to generate engraving codes and control the printing process. The study further examined the impact of different end mill types and engraving depths, finding that flat-surfaced mills provided more consistent results at various depths. To enhance the contrast of the engraved designs, a black engobe mixture (70% clay, 20% feldspar, and 10% black stains) was applied in two coats to the ceramic surfaces before engraving. Following the engraving, the tiles were dried, biscuit-fired, and glazed using a spraying technique, resulting in a smooth, uniform surface. This research demonstrates that combining traditional Sgraffito methods with modern CAD tools and 3D printing technology enables the creation of high-quality ceramic tiles with greater precision and efficiency. The successful adaptation of these techniques can pave the way for further innovations in ceramic art, preserving traditional aesthetics while embracing contemporary digital methods.

Management of Nuclear Waste ın Nuclear Energy System for Sustainability of the Ecosystem (Evaluation ın terms of Envıronment and Human Health)

Sevgi AkkoyEmrah Toktaş ,Edip Avşar — 2026-07-16

In this study, the working methods of Nuclear Power Plants, which have been used effectively since the 1970s to meet the energy needs of countries, and the types of waste they produce have been specified, and the storage areas of these wastes which consist of matural mineral of Monazite have been evaluated. Literature reviews of the monazite mineral, which is found in large quantities in Türkiye, have been conducted to determine its resources, resistance to radiation and usability. The monazite mineral, which has a large share in world reserves, provides a secure structure for the storage of nuclear wastes in the long term. First of all, the monazite mineral has been investigated in depth in the study, and the working methods of nuclear power plants and the storage areas of wastes have been examined. Then, the safety of nuclear power plants in terms of human health and safety has been discussed. The compliance of nuclear facilities with sustainable development goals for Türkiye's sustainable energy future has been investigated, and nuclear accidents that have occurred in Türkiye in the last 25 years have been evaluated in the context of the social goals of sustainable development

Positive Psychology in Turkish Proverbs

Seda Kıyak Selahattin Avşaroğlu — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this research is to analyze Turkish proverbs within the framework of positive psychology. In accordance with this purpose, the proverbs on the website of the Turkish Language Association were analyzed through an evaluation form prepared by the researchers. In the study, qualitative research approach was adopted and document analysis method was used. As a result of the research, 2396 proverbs were examined in detail and it was determined that 524 of these proverbs were related to positive psychology concepts. The related proverbs were grouped under 9 categories: values, strong personality traits, interpersonal relationships, spirituality, social support, optimism and hope, grit and motivation, happiness and love and affection. In addition, the category of values was analyzed in 8 subcategories: diligence, kindness, justice, self-sacrifice, patience, austerity, forgiveness and gratitude. When the results obtained were analyzed, it was seen that the prominent positive psychology concepts in Turkish proverbs were "values", "strong personality traits" and "interpersonal relationships". The findings obtained from this research were discussed in consideration of the relevant literature, and suggestions were made.

Examining Parent Participation in Educational Practices through Inclusion and Integration

Suat OğuzZeynep Eker ,Cevat Eker — 2026-07-16

This study aimed to determine the participation levels of parents who have students diagnosed with inclusion and integration in preschool, primary school and secondary school levels, in education practices through inclusion and integration. In addition, the participation levels of parents in inclusion/integration education were compared in terms of variables such as gender, school level the child is studying at, the education level of the parent and the profession of the parent. In this respect, this research is a descriptive relational screening and causal comparison research. Purposeful sampling method was used in determining the participants of the research. The study group of the research consists of a total of 58 parents who have students diagnosed with inclusion/integration in preschool, primary school and secondary school in Bursa Province, Turkey in the 2023-2024 academic year. In the data collection process, the “demographic information form” and the “family participation in inclusion education scale” were used. In the analysis of the obtained data, frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean and independent samples t-test and one-way Anova techniques were used for comparisons between groups. As a result of the research, it was found that in the inclusive and integrated education of the parents, family participation at home is "frequently" and family participation at school is "sometimes", family participation at secondary school level is lower than preschool and primary school level and parents with higher education level participate more in inclusive education.

A Study On Individual Narcissism In Political Party Youth Organizations

Onur Şen Hatice Sarıaltın — 2026-07-16

In this study, the concept of individual narcissism, which is frequently examined in the literature, was investigated at the level of youth organizations of political parties. The ability of the political sphere to mobilize communities is known. In order to prevent the destructive effects of individual narcissistic traits from spreading to the social sphere and to raise awareness, the main purpose of the research is to make inferences about individual narcissism tendencies in political party youth organizations. In the research conducted within the scope of Sakarya and Kocaeli provinces by following the quantitative research method, the meaningful data obtained from 324 political party youth organization members were analyzed and it was determined that there were individual narcissism tendencies in the members of political party youth organizations, and at the same time, significant differences were observed at the level of political parties in terms of individual narcissism tendencies, and these differences were caused by different sub-dimensions of individual narcissism (exploitation, claiming rights and self-sufficiency).

Analysis of Graduate Thesis Related to Mathematics Coursebooks in Turkey

Ahmet Özaltın Hasan Hüseyin Aksu — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to classify and examine the postgraduate theses regarding secondary school mathematics textbooks between 2006 and 2023, using certain categories. It is aimed toassist different studies by showing the publication types, years, languages, grade levels, universities where they were published, the main sciences where they were published, the institutes where they were conducted, research methods, data collection tools, data analysis methods, purposes of writing and results of the studies included in the research, with certain graphs and tables. 64 postgraduate theses were used in the research. Theses were accessed from the Higher Education İnstitution National Thesis Center database. Document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. The data were analyzed using the descriptive content analysis method. As a result of the research, the most theses were written in 2023; In the research, master's and doctoral theses were examined as publication types, and the
number of master's theses was quite high. Most of the studies were carried out at Gazi University and Gaziantep University; The most studies are available in the Department of Mathematics and Science and the Institute of Educational Sciences. In the research, theses published in English and Turkish were examined, and Turkish publication language was widely used. When looking at grade levels, it was seen that textbooks were examined mostly at secondary school grade levels (5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades). In the theses examined in the study, the most used research method was the document analysis method, and the most used data
collection tool was the document review tool. Qualitative analysis methods were mostly used in the studies. When we look at the theses examined in the research, it is seen that textbooks are mostly the subject of theses for examination purposes. According to the results of the research, textbooks were found to be highly inadequate. It is also suggested that new researchers need to
do more studies on textbooks.

Preschool Teachers' Unique Perspectives on Values Education Approaches: A New Perspective

Aslıhan Güner Çiğdem Çifci — 2026-07-16

This study examines the unique perspectives and experiences of preschool teachers regarding values education. Values education is a critical process aimed at fostering children's social integration and laying the foundations for their moral development. The research explores teachers' approaches to values education, the challenges they encounter, and the strategies they employ. Teachers emphasize the importance of instilling fundamental values such as sharing, respect, empathy, and responsibility in young children. One of the most significant challenges in this process is the lack of family involvement, with teachers highlighting the need for more active participation from families to reinforce the values at home. Additionally, the potential negative impact of technology on children's social skills is discussed. The most commonly used methods in values education include drama, storytelling, and play-based learning, which allow children to experience and internalize values in a concrete manner. The study concludes by recommending stronger collaboration between teachers and families and the limitation of technology use to enhance the effectiveness of values education.

The Relationship Between Eating Disorders and The Paternal Factor

Özlem GülbaharDuygu Has — 2026-07-16

Nowadays eating disorders are common disorders that occur in many subcategories and age groups. Many factors are playing role in the occurence of eating disorders’ persistence and treatment of symptoms. It is stated that many factors may play a role in the occurrence of eating disorders, the continuation of symptoms, and their treatment. For this purpose, firstly eating disorders were identified and then clarified their prevalence, etiology and treatment methods were studied. Secondly, how the theories explaining eating disorders deal with the parental and paternal factors are included. Lastly, the relation of the paternal factor to eating attitude and abnormal eating behavior has ben supported by empirical researches. In this study, within the framework of the relationship of fathers with daughters, the effect of fathers on anorexia nevroza, bulumia nevroza and bing eating disorder is emphasied.

Panel Causality Analysis Between Industry 4.0 and Economich Growth

Günay Koyuncu Feyza Arıca — 2026-07-16

There have been four industrial revolutions from the past to the present. These revolutions have affected human life in many sectors such as economic, social, cultural, education, health, etc. The fourth of these revolutions, Industry 4.0 (Fourth Industrial Revolution), was first used in Germany. The German government aimed to increase competitiveness in the industrial sector with this revolution. Industry 4.0, which has been implemented by many countries, has enabled the use of computers in all areas, the storage of information and the facilitation of trade with the effect of the internet and digitalization. Therefore, looking at the general effects of Industry 4.0, it is determined that it leads to higher GDP levels in countries by increasing productivity, production and profitability.

The aim of this study is to investigate the panel causal relationships between Industry 4.0 indicators and economic growth rate in E7 countries between 2009 and 2022. According to the panel causality test results of Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011), who analyzed the panel causal relationships, it was found that there is a bidirectional causality relationship from R&D to growth rates, while there is a unidirectional causality relationship from growth to high-tech product exports in the relationship between high-tech product exports and growth, which is another of the Industry 4.0 variables.

Evaluatıon of The Potentıal of ‘Kapama Cookıng Method’, Whıch is A Cookıng Method Unıque to the Immıgrants, for Gastronomıc Tourısm by Applyıng It to Local Gastronomıc Products: an Applıcatıon in Nıgde-Yeşı̇Lburç (Dene) Vıllage

İsa Serhan CihangirMuharrem Aydoğan ,Damlanur Ünlüer ,Yasin Eroğlu — 2026-07-16

Since the existence of mankind, nutrition has emerged as a physiological need, firstly, the consciousness of collector / natural nutrition has developed, and with the discovery of cutting and piercing tools, the consciousness of hunter nutrition society has become widespread. With the control of fire, this process has continued its development process with the presentation of food and beverages with adjusted taste ratios suitable for health conditions to the service of the society, provided that they are exposed to heat for a period of time while remaining faithful to their natural properties. In addition to geographical, political, religious and social developments, cooking methods applied to food with discoveries, modernism and industrialisation due to needs, have gained diversity as dry heat, wet heat and modern cooking methods with their qualities to increase flavour and quality by considering the structural characteristics of food and beverages and have become internationally acceptable techniques. This cultural richness, which has emerged as a result of centuries of accumulation within the scope of traditions and customs, is an essential part of Anatolian Culinary culture, especially with its geographical location that brings civilisations together and the political role it has assumed, from the preparation-cooking and presentation of food and beverages to the method of intergenerational transmission.

As a matter of fact, many factors can be effective in the formation of culinary structures shaped by the unique richness of each social culture. One of these factors is voluntary or forced migration. Especially after the Lausanne Conference on 30 January 1923, with the ‘Mübadele-i Ahali Mukavelenam’ signed between the Republic of Turkey and the Greek State after the Lausanne Conference, and with the ‘Mübadiller’ who were subjected to forced migration from Krifçe to Yeşilburç, they have been one of the cultural communities that have enriched Anatolian Cuisine in general and Niğde Culinary Culture in particular for 5 generations with their unique culinary cultures and cooking methods with their subjective cooking techniques, ‘Kapama Cooking Method’, as well as the materials and equipment they use.

The Kapama Cooking Method can be expressed as the most important source of genuine culinary culture reflection that legendises the tastes left on the palates of the appetising exchange meals with exquisite flavours as a result of preserving the nutritional and structural properties, keeping them under control and eliminating harmful microorganisms with thermal techniques. This form of expression also confirms the concept of gastronomy tourism, which adopts the principle of ‘See-do-taste-discover and experience pleasant and delicious products in the light of information about the preparation process and cooking method of the dishes as a result of healthy and good practices’. Therefore, transforming this value, which is seen as the primary priority of the travel experiences of visitors who are in pursuit of flavours worth discovering and who want to taste and discover products prepared with different cooking practices and the criterion for obtaining socio-cultural accumulation, into gastronomy tourism potential should be the primary priority.

In this context, the foreseen study is a first in terms of revealing the similarities and differences in flavour by subjecting 6 local gastronomic products, which are prepared by applying international cooking techniques, to sensory analysis tests by 5 female and 5 male panelists who are experts in their field and whose taste buds are trusted, by re-cooking them with the ‘KAPAMA COOKING METHOD’, which is a cooking method specific to the immigrant cuisine culture, to be protected and to be brought into gastronomic tourism integrated around the see-do-taste principle. It is also important in terms of creating a basis for the ‘Geographical Indication’ application criteria based on the place-product relationship.

Historıcal Geography of the Emırate of Ikrıtısh (Crete)

Abdullah Balcıoğulları — 2026-07-16

Crete has strategically located as the centre for trade, economic control and maintenance of sea routes. Having hosted different civilizations throughout history, Crete has remained under Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Ottoman and Greek rule. Islamic domination on the island began as a result of the Rabadi rebellion against the Umayyad caliph in Andalusia. Some of those exiled from Andalusia has came to Morocco, and a significant number has came to Egypt. When they established an independent state in Alexandria, they were sent to Crete by the Abbasid governor. The Andalusians who went to Crete conquered the island under the leadership of Abu Hafs El-Baluti and continued their existence there as an Islamic state for 135 years. Although the Byzantines made several attempts to recapture Crete, it was not easy to achieve their goal. The Byzantines were able to retake the island after a long siege of the capital that lasted about nine months. With the fall of Crete to Byzantium, the Muslim population began to experience death, suffering, deportation, forced conversion to Christianity, confiscation of their money and lands, and displacement. The Byzantines eventually destroyed all Muslim buildings and mosques and erased any trace of Muslims.

Determining the Disaster Awareness Perception Levels of University Students

Bilal GürsoyNesibe Of ,Sevil Cengiz ,Serkan Öztürk ,Zeynep Gürsoy — 2026-07-16

Disaster is a phenomenon that is not only effective during the time it occurs, but will continue to decrease in the future. In the current disaster management system, the preparation and damage reduction stages are the factors that significantly affect the potential for damage. Starting from the very basics, disaster education studies and disaster awareness applications should be planned at the social level. In this context, universities that provide vocational education in particular constitute the future of the disaster management system. Because universities raise young generations who can be leaders in the future. They will synthesize the equipment and knowledge they acquire during their education with their professional life experiences and become decision-makers in events that concern the society. In the future, managers with disaster education and awareness will make positive contributions to the functioning of the integrated disaster system. For this reason, university students who are receiving formal education were selected as the target of the study. This study was applied to students who are actively studying at Sinop University Boyabat Vocational School. It was applied to 274 students within the scope of the field research. The “Disaster Awareness Perception Scale” developed by Dikmenli and his friends was used in the collection of research data. The data of the continuity of the field work were evaluated using the SPSS 25 package program.. As a result of the research, it is seen that the average of the disaster education awareness dimension is high, the average of the pre-disaster awareness dimension is high, the average of the false disaster awareness dimension is low and the average of the post-disaster awareness dimension is at a medium level. In addition, a significant difference was found between the programs in which the students study and the sub-dimensions such as disaster education awareness and pre-disaster awareness.

Investigating the Relationship Between Play Participation of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Children's Interactive Behaviors

Yıldıray Kılıç Eylem Dayı — 2026-07-16

Children with autism spectrum disorder face challenges in forming friendships, initiating and maintaining conversations, and interpreting social cues due to their limited interests, social interaction, and communication skill deficits. This situation restricts their ability to exist within society. One of the areas affected by the difficulties these children experience is play. Children with autism spectrum disorder may show deficiencies in skills such as initiating play, being creative during play, and functional use of toys.

The social problems experienced by children with autism spectrum disorder can negatively impact the interaction between parents and their children, as well as the quality of the time spent together. Parents make great efforts to compensate for the deficiencies their children experience in social domains. Spending a significant portion of their day with their children, parents have many opportunities to support their children's communication and interaction skills and can play a crucial role in their development. One of the most effective methods parents use to promote these skills is through play. The purpose of this study is to examine the play participation of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in terms of various variables, as well as to investigate the relationship between parents' play participation and the interactional behaviors of their children with autism spectrum disorder. For this purpose, the relational survey model, one of the research methods, was used. The sample of the study consists of children aged 36-78 months with autism spectrum disorder living in Kocaeli and their parents. The findings of the study revealed a positive relationship between parents' play participation and their children's interactional behaviors.

Comparison of Face-Name Association Memory Performance of Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients with Healthy Controls

Seda Eroğlu KoçSonia Amado ,Ali Saffet Gönül — 2026-07-16

Episodic memory impairments are frequently observed in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), which is defined as a prodromal stage prior to Alzheimer's Disease. The patients especially experience problems in associative memory as a feature of episodic memory with high diagnostic value that involves the ability to associate items that were previously irrelevant to each other or the ability to associate an item with its spatial-temporal context. In this study, the associative memory performances of MCI patients were compared with healthy controls using the face-name association task paradigm. 35 MCI patients and 29 healthy controls were included in the present study. Study findings showed that MCI patients had lower recognition performance than healthy controls. Additionally, patients both made more recognition errors and missed more trials compared to healthy controls. These findings provide information to measure the memory problems that patients encounter in daily life. As a measurement tool with higher ecological validity, it is suggested that future studies with this paradigm will increase the reliability of the test and that it can be used in the clinic for associative memory assessments.

Uskudar in Historical Turiısh Language Grammar Books

Ebubekir Eraslan — 2026-07-16

The tradition of writing Turkish language grammar initiated by Kashgarlı Mahmut has also moved to Anatolia with the Turks' immigration to the West; The Müyessiretü’l-Ulûm, which Bergamalı Kadrî wrote, was the first Turkish language grammar book written in the Anatolian field.

Time when the grammar books of Turkish, which were excessed as quantity and quality with the 19th century, were examined; It is understood that the information that can be used in different disciplines and interdisciplinary fields exists in these books. For this reason, Emsile-i Türkiyye, written by Abdullah Ramiz Pasha in 1866 using the document review method from qualitative research methods, was the Üss-i Lisân-ı Türkî, which was enjoyed by Mehmed Sadık in 1895, Kavaid-i Lisân-ı Türkî, which was published by Halid Ziya Bey in 1905, and Turkce Sarf ve Nahiv, which Hüseyin Cahit wrote in 1908, Grammar books titled Turkce Yeni Sarf and Nahiv Dersleri published by Mithad Sadullah in 1922 were scanned in the special name of Uskudar. The name of Uskudar, which has passed twelve times in total in the mentioned works, sometimes passes in the exercise texts organized by the author to understand the grammar rule sometimes described in the reading texts in the sample sentences given to describe the grammatical feature.

The data from which the five historical Turkish language grammar books were scanned and presented are expected to contribute to many other available literature, especially in the onomastic and toponimic aspects of Uskudar. It is also considered that historical Turkish language grammar books, along with similar and different features, can provide clear or implicit information about lingoustics, semantic and morphological literature.

The Effect of Parental Attitudes on Secondary School Students' Bullying Exposure and Victimization

Ayşe DemirözÖzlem Altunsu Sönmez — 2026-07-16

Peer bullying is a frequently discussed issue, especially during school years. These types of problems experienced during adolescence significantly affect the adolescent's perspective on life and behavior. In particular, the attitudes of the family towards their child from an early age shape their character. Adolescents learn from their families how to deal with the problems they encounter. Therefore, whether the child takes part in the roles of bully, victim, and bully-victim may vary depending on the attitudes of the parents. This research aims to examine the effects of parental attitudes on 6th and 7th grade students' bullying or victimization. The study was carried out with 912 students, 511 girls and 401 boys, who were randomly selected from six secondary schools in Ankara Sincan district, two of which were private, two public and two imam-hatip secondary schools. A personal information form, parental attitude inventory and peer bullying scale adolescent form were applied to the students. The students' status as bullies or victims was examined in terms of some demographic variables such as parental attitudes, age, gender, and school type. In the study, intergroup differences were analyzed using Mann Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis H test, and intergroup relationships were analyzed using Pearson Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression. As a result of the research, it was determined that as parents exhibited democratic attitudes, the level of their children committing bullying and being victims of bullying decreased, while as the level of protective, demanding and authoritarian attitudes increased, the level of bullying and being subjected to bullying increased. Additionally, it has been observed that as age increases, physical and verbal bullying and exposure to physical and verbal bullying also increase.

On The Aesthetic Uncannity of Ugliness in Contemporary Art

Dilara Karakaş TabakMehmet Hakan Bitmez ,Mehmet Kemal İçden — 2026-07-16

When the historical process is analyzed, it is seen that art has remained within the limits of the traditional understanding of beauty for a long time, but with contemporary art, the artistic value of ugliness has increased in aesthetic judgments. In aesthetic terms, ugliness is a concept that is generally undesirable, associated with deformation, disorder and disharmony. However, in contemporary art, ugliness is used as a conscious choice to create aesthetic uncanny. Based on Freud's concept of “unheimlich”, the uncanny is a state in which the familiar becomes alienated and disturbing. This study almost examines the effect of ugliness in reinforcing the sense of uncanny, and how it leads the viewer to think about aesthetic norms and to be emotionally challenged. By analyzing some art movements in the modern period, it is explained that ugliness has been used as a means of expression in art in the process. Arguing that contemporary art often offers an aesthetic experience through the concepts of ugliness and uncanny, this study examines the functioning of aesthetic uncanny in the context of deformation of the body and alienation of identity through the works of some contemporary artists. The article evaluates the aesthetic value of ugliness and argues that the ugly creates complex emotional experiences in the viewer by creating an uncanny aesthetic perception. This aesthetic uncanny suggests that art makes sense “not only through beauty”, but also through the disturbing and questioning.

The History of Religions and Their Important Effects on World History

Merve Avcı — 2026-07-16

The History of Religions is a branch of science that studies the religions of nations with the methods of history and philology, the relations between religions and the effects of religions on each other. Decatur is a branch of science that studies the religions of nations with the methods of history and philology. The History of Religions collects the most accurate information about existing religions and religions that have no members, presents it to people's knowledge, and also introduces the religions of people who lived centuries ago. The History of Religions is, in a sense, the cultural history of humanity. Because the cultural history of humanity has been shaped directly by religion. We can learn the nature of many beliefs, worships and rituals observed in the life of prehistoric humanity through the History of Religions. Religions in general have come into being in order to keep people who have been firmly adh Decently to a certain faith together since the existence of humanity, and thus have developed and settled into a certain systematic. From the past to the present, religions have had important effects on world history. Religions and people who believe in these religions and the things they risk in this direction have been in conflict with each other for reasons arising from religious teachings, although their expectations of life and God are often the same. Since this state of conflict between religions has often not been resolved by agreement, many wars have been fought in history that have been Decried as wars of religions. Especially the religious wars in the past and the consequences of these wars have had an impact on world history for many years. In order to understand the religious wars, it is actually necessary to have a good understanding of the History of Religions and the origins of religions. People carry out religious wars by showing the disagreements arising from different religious understandings as the reasons, and this situation leaves deep traces in the history of the world. In this study, the conceptual framework of the History of Religions was discussed, the first states of religions and teachings in the world were touched upon, how religions differ from each other and the important effects of religions in the history of the world were included.

Examınıng The Relatıonshıp Between Empathy Levels And Proactıve Personalıty Levels Of Prospectıve Teachers

Öner Gülbahçe — 2026-07-16

In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between pre-service teachers' empathy levels and proactive personality levels. The study, which was designed in the relational survey model, was attended by 295 students studying at Erzurum Atatürk University in the 2023-2024 academic year. ‘Personal Information Form’, Toronto empathy scale adapted into Turkish by Totan, Doğan and Sapmaz (2012) and “Proactive Personality Scale” adapted into Turkish by Akın et al. (2011) were used as data collection tools. Normality analysis was performed in the analysis of the data. Since the data showed normal distribution, t-test and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. The results were evaluated according to the significance level of p;<,050. Cronbah's Alpha analysis was applied to examine the internal consistency values of the data and it was found to be highly reliable. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that there was a difference between genders in the empathy levels of the participants, while there was no difference in the proactive personality levels. There was no difference between the participants in empathy and proactive personality levels according to their sportive activity status. It was determined that there was no significant relationship between the participants' empathy levels and proactive personality levels.

Women's Footwear In Anatolıan Iconography: Roman Era

Zeynep Mehlika Uluçam Kırbağ Hicret Zeynep Kutlutaş — 2026-07-16

The Anatolian lands, home to ancient civilizations, are known for their rich culture of clothing and attire, which is documented in both written sources and visual artifacts. In many studies related to this data, shoes have often been examined as an accessory to clothing. However, footwear is a distinct field of study, encompassing both design and engineering knowledge, and is categorized into various types, including those for women, men, and children, as well as for numerous practical uses. Although research on shoe production and history in Anatolia has gained momentum in recent years in Turkey, the repetition of sources and the inability to focus on specific topics have created gaps in understanding the historical development of shoe models. This study uses a descriptive method to investigate the footwear of women in Anatolian figurines from the Roman period to the present. By doing so, it aims to compare the position of women in Roman cultural artifacts with written sources and to identify the types of shoes worn by women in the Roman period within the scope of the research. The study is limited to footwear depicted in Roman female figurines found in the Aphrodisias Museum and Site, the Hierapolis Museum, and the Antalya Museum. The visuals were examined on-site and photographed.

Handirafts in the Digital Age: Opportunities and Challenges

Melda Özdemir — 2026-07-16

Handicrafts have played an important role throughout history as a carrier of cultural heritage and creativity. Handicrafts, shaped by the knowledge and skills passed down from generation to generation, reflect the identity, values and aesthetic understanding of a society. Handmade artifacts are not only functional objects, but also cultural expressions, examples of artistic creativity and historical documents. However, technological developments brought about by the digital age create new opportunities and challenges in the field of handicrafts. This paper examines the impact of digitalization on crafts, addressing opportunities such as reaching large audiences through online markets and social media, low-cost marketing, online education and community building. At the same time, it addresses challenges such as increased competition, price pressure, intellectual property issues and technology adaptation. In conclusion, artisans can expand their market reach, strengthen their brands and reach new audiences by effectively using digital tools and technologies. However, they also need to overcome challenges such as competition, pricing and copyright. It is crucial that they adapt to the future while preserving traditional values.

An Examınatıon Of Spınoz’s Understandıng Of Causalıty

Hamise Balki Durum — 2026-07-16

Benedictus Baruch Spinoza is one of the most systematic philosophers of the seventeenth century. His philosophy, shaped according to geometric order, has a monistic character. Spinoza places God, the source of all that exists, at the core of his understanding of the universe. According to this view, all beings necessarily emerge from the one substance, God. Everything in the universe is either a quality (attributum) or a mode (modus) of God. Therefore, God is the first cause of bringing existence to beings and the inherent cause of every beings derivation. For Spinoza, God is simultaneously free and necessitated as both the first and immanent cause. Consequently, Spinoza explains the universe with a deterministic understanding that operates according to necessity and causality. In a nature where everything is necessary, it’s impossible to talk about freedom in human actions because the will is also bound to the necessity in nature. Freedom is only possible through the mind's understanding of this necessity. For this reason, it's not possible to discuss a hierarchy of beings or a final cause in nature. Spinoza critiques the teleological understanding of causality, attempting to demonstrate that this perspective arises from superstition, baseless belief, and prejudice. This article aims to unveil Spinoza's understanding of causality thoroughly. Them et hodused is document analysis, with the primary documents Being Spinoza's Ethica and Short Treatise. Classical and modern interpretations of these Works are also vital for our research.

Examination of the Diffıculties Faced by Teachers Working in Science and Art Center while Carrying Out Guidance Services

Hasan Güner BerkantMevlüde Çağlayan ,Abdulkadir Koyuncu — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this study is to examine the difficulties encountered by teachers working in Science and Art Center while conducting guidance services. The sample consists of 14 teachers who actively working at a Science and Art Center placing at central Anatolian region. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with the teachers by using interview as one of the qualitative research methods. As a data collection tool, an interview form developed by the researchers was used, which includes questions to understand teachers' experiences in guidance services, the difficulties they face, and their solution suggestions in detail. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by content analysis method. According to the results obtained from the study, it was determined that the teachers were experienced in working in Science and Art Centers, that they saw the main purpose of guidance services as the development of adaptation skills, recognition and guidance activities, that they experienced difficulties mostly due to the lack of a guidance program specific to Science and Art Centers, student group, age differences and academic expectations. It was determined that these difficulties negatively affected students by reducing the efficiency of guidance services. Teachers stated that the difficulties experienced might be got over by developing a program specific to the guidance services carried out by counselor teachers in Science and Art Centers, by creation of an implementation guide, and by a cooperation with parents.