SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL (SSSJournal), Year 2021 Issue 92

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION OF MODERN AGE: PANEL ARDL ANALYSIS ON INDUSTRY 4.0

Yeşim KUBAR,, Meryem KIL — 2026-07-16

While the concept of industrialization expresses the reflection of the increasing productivity with economic developments on economic growth, on the other hand, it is also suggests economic welfare of countries and their change in social sense. The recent industrial revolution, known as Industry 4.0, has become highly important with the changes smart production systems and developed information and communication systems formed in industrialization. Therefore, the study has aimed to test the development of Industry 4.0 in G-20 countries and the relationship in the long and short term, using panel data analysis for long and short terms. In the study, it was identified that there was horizontal cross sectional dependency between units. Since the variables are stationary at the levels of (0) and I(1), Panel ARDL analysis was used; it was identified that series was homogenous by means of Swamy-S Homogeneity Test, PMG predictor was identified in identifying long and short relationship. According to the results of PMG predictor, it was concluded that error correction coefficient in the models was negative and significant.

CHANGES IN THE PRODUCTION OF FIELD CROPS IN ADANA PLAINS

Fatma KAFALI YILMAZ, — 2026-07-16

Adana Plains, which constitutes the research area, is located in Adana Department in the Mediterranean Region. The research area is a delta plain and fertile agricultural land is widely located. Due to the effectiveness of the Mediterranean climate in the field, agricultural activities can be carried out throughout the year and products are taken at least twice. However, due to increased agricultural production inputs, marketing problems and improper land use, there have been reductions in the production of some agricultural products. In order to demonstrate the change in agricultural production, comparisons were made between the amount of field crops production between 1970-2002 and the production values between 2004 and 2020 using TUIK data in the research book titled "Climate - Agricultural Relationship and Reflection of Agricultural Policies in Adana. The products that have lost their importance are paddy, chickpeas and rye and are no longer farmed for commercial purposes. In addition to wheat, which is the main food source, barley, cotton and sesame production has been found to decrease. Adana plains, which are the highest quality watermelon growing area in Turkey, have been very successful in growing early watermelons, but there have been large fluctuations in production. However, changing eating habits and increasing consumption of processed foods and increasing demand for soy, peanuts and potatoes have been important in increasing the production of these products.

TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE ALTRUISM SCALE FOR CHILDREN: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Nafia ERGÜL,, Aygen ÇAKMAK — 2026-07-16

The present study aims to carry out the adaptation of the "Altruism Scale for Children" (ASC) developed by Swank, Limberg & Liu (2019) into Turkish. In line with this purpose, the data were collected from 535 middle- and high-school students aged 10-18. The original scale is a self-report, unidimensional tool designed to measure altruistic behavior among children and adolescents from 3rd to 12th grade. The scale involved 30 items offering three choices for the students to pick in answering the questions. One of these choices reflects altruistic behavior while the other two represent self-centered behavior and behavior based on feedback from others in decision-making processes. After it was determined that the scale had linguistic equivalence, validity and reliability analyses were performed. Validity and reliability studies were carried out with 447 students. The lowest score that can be obtained from the "Altruism Scale for Children" (ASC), which adopted a single-factorial structure consisting of 28 items, is 28 while the highest score is 84. The Cronbach's alpha value for the 28 items on the scale was calculated as .871 while the test-retest reliability was determined as .832. In the confirmatory factor analysis performed, it was concluded that the scale was compatible with the original form, and that it was valid and reliable. Therefore, it is thought that the Turkish version of the scale can be used in the determination of the altruism levels of children aged 10-18 in Turkey.

COMPARISON OF THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCES OF THE COMPANIES OPERATING IN THE BIST FOOD, BEVERAGE AND TOBACCO SECTOR PRE-COVID-19 AND THE COVID-19 PERIOD

Meryem ÖZTÜRK,, Özge GENÇER DUMAN — 2026-07-16

The Covid-19 pandemic seriously affects many sectors of health, economy, transportation, tourism etc. in different countries. Like other sectors the food and beverage sector has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has caused great losses in many sectors of the global economy. In this context, the purpose of the study is to compare with the ratio analysis the financial performances of the companies operating in the BIST food, beverage and tobacco sector pre-Covid-19 period and during the Covid-19 period. Whether there is a significant difference between the financial performances (in terms of liquidity, profitability, activity and leverage ratios) of the companies in the pre-Covid-19 period and the Covid-19 period was examined with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. As a result of the study, there has been an increase in the current ratio, cash ratio, return on assets, operating profit margin, net profit margin, receivables turnover, inventory turnover, equity/total assets and a decrease in the asset turnover and total debt/total assets in the Covid-19 period compared to the pre-Covid-19 period. But from these differences, only cash ratio, return on assets and inventory turnover are statistically significant.

COVID-19 CRISIS AND TURKISH DISASTER MANAGEMENT: SEARCH FOR A MODEL AND EFFICIENCY

Cumhur OLCAR, — 2026-07-16

Infectious disease outbreaks pose a serious problem for public administration, which has a significant impact on disaster service systems and resources. The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges for governments and societies around the world and has caused a global crisis at proportions hitherto unexplored. Disaster models that combine multiple variables or characteristics to reduce the risk of individuals becoming infected or having a bad outcome, it is essential that disaster models introduce new policies when allocating limited emergency disaster service resources. The COVID-19 pandemic is exposed to the virus and its wider impacts during post-disaster response within disaster management members. At this point, the virus spread to Turkey to be effectively avoided the problems and inefficiencies in recent disasters to take control. This article questions the inefficiencies observed in disaster response, with a brief introduction to disaster management and prepared models. This study aims to increase the level of expertise and make specific decisions in facilitating refined risk management to deliver disaster response services with precision.

EPISTEMIC EMOTION BASIS OF THE EARLY ISLAMIC TRADITION OF THOUGHT

Muhammet Caner ILGAROĞLU, — 2026-07-16

The issue of epistemic emotions, on which the philosophy of emotion and mind focuses, is discussed on the basis of which emotional motivations faith as the subject of knowledge act on the way to knowledge and how these emotions are related to metacognitive processes. These discussions, especially in the last fifty years, have been intensely pursued by the philo-sophy of emotion specialists of the philosophy department of the University of Texas. Emo-tion theorists and epistemologists are increasingly making space for epistemic – or noetic or metacognitive – emotions in their theories by drawing on epistemic emotions and metacogniti-ve research in psychology. As a result of these studies, the main epistemic emotions that affect the cognition processes of people are listed as follows; wonder, curiosity, admiration, intellec-tual courage, surprise, interest, sense of certainty, sense of doubt, fear of the unknown, mi-sology, joy of confirmation, sense of knowing, etc. An independent study on what epistemic feelings are in the context of Islamic thought has not yet been done. This article aims to determine what the epistemic emotion system of early Islamic tho-ught is. In this context, it will be emphasized whether epistemic emotions are mentioned in the Qur'an and classical sources of Islamic thought and whether they have a systematic structure.

ENDERUNLU FAZIL'S ISOPSEPHIC POEM ABOUT SHIPS AND MARITIME

Talip ÇUKURLU,, Mesut Bayram DÜZENLİ — 2026-07-16

Classical Turkish poetry is a well-established poetry tradition that has created a wide range of works that deal with many sciences and professions, from literary subjects to mystical bets, from medicine to music, from horticultural knowledge to archery terms. The terms sea, maritime and shipping also attracted the attention of the classical Turkish poet and found a place among various similes in poems. The subject of this article is a isopsephic poem belonging to the 18th century poet Enderunlu Fazil. This poem was written for the innovations made in Tersane-i âmire during the reign of Selim III and is embellished with nautical terms. The text of the poem, which consists of thirty-six couplets, transferred to today's alphabet will be presented to the world of science for the first time. While creating the text, twenty copies of Enderunlu Fazil's Divan, which can be identified in the country and abroad, were examined. It has been determined that six different copies of these include the isosephic poem, which is the subject of our study. Of these six copies, the Berlin copy, in which the poem is quite deficient, was not included in the criticism, and the remaining five copies were compared and a critical text was tried to be created. An examination was made on the obtained text in terms of form and content. At the end of the article, a dictionary of shipping terms used in the poem has been added.

POSTMODERNISM AND APPROPRIATION

Melihat TÜZÜN,, Kübra YILDIZ — 2026-07-16

Appropriation can be defined as the reinterpretation and production of artists by quoting other works of art. Examples of appropriation have always been encountered from the past to the present, but have been used under the name of postmodernism as a form of citation in art. It has also been a method used by artists in their works. The meaning and content of the works cited in the reproduction process may be the same or show different tendencies. The new work produced maintains the link with the work from which it was cited. The examples discussed in this context are limited to the method of appropriation. The historical process, philosophical background and purpose of this concept are explained. In this study, the method of Appropriation in Postmodernism is explained and examined through artists and their works. Literature and artifact analysis method were used as research method. The works produced in this framework have been evaluated both in terms of form and content and in terms of originality and creativity. Artists need to know the development of art history and examples of artists in the formation of unique artist personalities. It has been concluded that in art, appropriation will inevitably appear in every period.

DISTANCE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION PRACTICES OF THE PRESIDENCY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS ACCORDING TO THE OPINIONS OF RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS İN THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC PROCESS: THE EXAMPLE OF MANISA PROVINCE

Kasım KOCAMAN,, Büşra Nur ÖZKAPLAN — 2026-07-16

The development and increase of visual and audio technologies all over the world has brought along a rapid digital transformation in all areas of life. The phenomenon of religion has also been affected by this transformation, and studies on the concept of religion, which has recently been digitalized, continue. While the discussions on the digitalization of the religion phenomenon continue, this process has gained a whole new dimension with the Covid-19 epidemic. The Presidency of Religious Affairs, which has the mission of enlightening the society about religion in Turkey, accelerated its efforts to deliver religious services to people through digital channels during the epidemic period. n order not to interrupt non-formal religious education activities, it started distance education practices and continued its studies on this subject. It has been determined that there are almost no academic studies on distance religious education, which gained momentum with the Covid 19 epidemic and even became the main education system. In this study, which was carried out with the aim of filling the gap in this matter and contributing to the field, the digital transformation and developments in the field of education due to the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic made itself felt in the practices of the Presidency of Religious Affairs in the field of religious education. In this context, it is aimed to determine the nature of distance religious education studies, which started as an extension of the digitalization in the field of education and gained intensity, and to consult the opinions of religious officials and make the necessary analysis. In addition, it is hoped that this study will contribute to the work and projects of institutions and organizations that want to provide religious education on digital platforms. For this, data were collected with document analysis and interview techniques using qualitative research method, one of the scientific research approaches, and the findings were analyzed and interpreted with content analysis. It has been understood that distance religious education has come to the forefront as a supportive and even an alternative religious education method in extraordinary situations such as the Covid-19 epidemic. It is understood that the use of the distance religious education system will become more and more important with the rapid digitalization in education in the world. For this reason, in order to increase the quality of the distance religious education activities carried out by the Presidency of Religious Affairs and to ensure continuity, it would be beneficial to seriously review and strengthen the digital infrastructure of the Presidency and to seriously focus on in-service personnel training on digital religious education.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL TRUST IN THE IMPACT OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

Murat BAY,, Muhammet PAYLI — 2026-07-16

The study was conducted to test the mediating role of organizational trust on employee performance of ethical leadership. Ethical leadership, as a leadership style, is honest, fair, ensures employee participation and creates an open communication environment and has also provided social learning. Therefore, it is important that the organizational trust environment is effective in creating and ensuring the identification of the employee with the organization. In a workplace environment where organizational trust is respected, the employee is more motivated and able to give his energy to the organization. Ethical leadership and organizational trust organizational trust positively at the end of the study the positive impact on employee performance, organizational trust and ethical leadership and employee performance analysis that uses means that it is not directly affected as a result.

A RESEARCH ON CONSUMER TRUST FACTORS IN E-COMMERCE

Ahmet Samet ERGÜN,, Hasan Hüseyin CEYLAN — 2026-07-16

Although online shopping provides significant advantages to consumers, uncertainty and risks pose a significant obstacle to e-commerce. E-commerce businesses can eliminate this barrier by building trust in consumers. In order to ensure consumer trust, e-commerce businesses should first determine what factors affect trust and their level of influence on trust. In this study, conjoint analysis was used to evaluate the factors that create the perception of trust of online consumers. For this purpose, firstly, hypothetical e-commerce businesses, which were created by using the trust factors and levels determined by literature review and one-on-one interviews, were asked to be evaluated by consumers on the basis of trust perception. As a result of the conjoint analysis carried out, the most important factors affecting the trustworthiness of the e-commerce site are respectively; consumer reviews, product return policy and safety certificate. In the study, the effect of gender on trust factors was also examined and it was determined that men attach more importance to the product return policy, while women attach more importance to the country of origin.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT STYLES OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS’ AND ACCOUNTABILITY ORIENTATIONS

Kiraz Yıldız PEKER,, Tanju YAĞ — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this research, to determine the relationships between the levels of management of school administrators and their accountability according to the secondary and high school teachers. The research was designed in accordance with the relational screening model. The target population of this study consists of teachers working in middle and high schools in Kırşehir city center. The research sample was determined by sampling method easy. The sample of the study consisted of 302 middle and high school teachers. The data were collected by Üstüner (2016) “Perceived Principal Management Style Scale” and developed by Bülbül (2011) “Scale of Accountability Practices in the Turkish National Education System”. The data were analyzed by Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Walles H and Spearman Rho. The findings of the study showed that the management style adopted by the school principals according to the teachers' views was the cooperative management and that it was followed by authoritarian, oppositional and irrelevant management styles. While there were significant differences according to gender factor in these opinions of teachers, it was determined that there were no significant differences in terms of vocational seniority, education level and branch variable. It is determined that teachers are providing the most accountable type they have observed in school administrators and that these types of accountability are followed by transparency, responsibility, questioning and standards. According to the teachers 'opinions, significant positive and negative correlations were determined between the school administrators' management styles and accountability practices. In this context, the most striking findings from the collaborative management style with the behavior accountability for the responsibilities of school administrators .617 positive, negative management style with combatting -.294 way has been found to be statistically significant correlational relationship. The results of the study were discussed on the basis of the relevant literature.

THE TRANSITION FROM THE KALEMIYE TO THE CIVIL BUREAUCRACY: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SUBLIME PORTE

Mustafa GENÇOĞLU, — 2026-07-16

After the proclamation of the Tanzimat, the Sublime Porte began to become a dominant power as a real government in the Ottoman state administration. With the Tanzimat period, the grand vizier and the bureucrats under his command dominated the country’s administration. Thus, in the Ottoman state administration, the traditional military class (seyfiye) was being replaced by civilian bureaucrats trained in the offces of the Sublime Porte. However, this transformation was the product of a certain process based on important historical developments, not immediately with the proclamation of the Tanzimat. This study will dealt with the development of the Sublime Porte until it became a definitive authority in the Ottoman state administration. In this context, the period until the reform and the pre-Tanzimat phase will be evaluated in two parts. With this research, the transformation of the clerical staff (kalemiye) in the Sublime Porte into civil bureaucracy will be tried to be revealed within the framework of organization.

EVALUATION OF DENIM PRODUCTS BY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS REGARDING TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS

Necla TEKTAŞ,; Nuray ÖZ CEVİZ , Ruşen İNAN — 2026-07-16

Increase of the world population, changing living conditions, increasing consumption, rapidly consumpted resources and the increase of waste materials have caused an augmentation of environmental problems in nature. In this context, it enables denim product, which is one of the most used textile product especially among young people, denim manifacturers and denim designers also became conscious about the environmental changes. Manufacturers and designers need to innovate in products in order to protect their existing markets or to involve themselves into new markets, and they have to take care to meet consumer requirements for obtaining product sizing. Within the scope of this study, the awareness of university students who are studying or newly graduated from various universities in Turkey about denim products were examined. Also, the environmental ruins of these products to the nature and behavior of young people towards the products during their shopping were examined. Within the scope of the research, an online questionnaire was applied to 432 volunteer students. It is seen that the participants do not have much knowledge about the chemicals used in denim products and they do not have a sufficient level of awareness about environmental ruins. It was also observed that female participants (26%) had more knowledge than male participants (7%) in terms of sustainability. While female participants exhibit a more conscious shopping behavior, male participants had less conscious behavior. Fashion and changes in fashion trends attract more attention and interest of female students.

THE EMPLOYMENT IN TURKISH INSURANCE SECTOR: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Serhat SOYŞEKERCİ, — 2026-07-16

Employment for the Turkish insurance sector has a wide range. The employment capacity of the sector can be evaluated in five subgroups: agency technical personnel, surveyors, artuer, brokers and company personnel. In the insurance sector, which has such a wide range, the share of associate and undergraduate graduates in the employment level is quite low. This situation usually indicates that students who have graduated from an associate degree program or a bachelor's degree in this field cannot be employed at an adequate level in the sector. The article tries to consider the employment opportunity that exists in the insurance sector in the context of problems in the educational system provided at universities.

FROM PILLOW PITCHERS TO METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART

Ayşenur Ceren ASMAZ,, Nizam Orçun ÖNAL — 2026-07-16

Ceramic artist Betty Woodman, identified with pillow pitcher ceramic forms, started her production life as a craftswoman. The artist, who developed her production practices with the traumatic event she experienced afterwards, the effect of the art movements of the period, as well as the change of her thoughts about the material and what it can express; She was the first living female artist and ceramicist to hold a solo exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Pillow pitchers have a very important place in the artist's point of view. These forms, which have become the signature of Woodman over time, have a very important place at the point she has reached, as they are the first form she produced out of the production of functional ceramics. At the same time, being influenced by the pattern and decoration movement with her contemporaries and being the first woman to take part in a male-dominated ceramic community played an important role in Woodman's artistic process. Based on all this background, the forms used in her works, vivid colors and the way she evaluates the surface; It reminds the freedom in ceramics of artists working in different disciplines such as Picasso, Miro and the like. Although the artist learned ceramics like a craftswoman, she somehow managed to leave behind the conservative attitude of the material at that time and managed to produce freely as if she came from another discipline.

ANALYSIS OF STUDIES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY IN TURKEY

Ayşegül ÜLKER,, Selahattin AVŞAROĞLU — 2026-07-16

Psychological vulnerability is cognitive belief patterns that enable an individual to determine their self-worth based on concrete achievements and social approval. In this study, it is aimed to examine the studies conducted in our country on psychological vulnerability. For this purpose, 30 researches published between 2020-2021 were examined using document analysis method. The data of the research is limited to the data obtained from the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education (YÖKTEZ), ULAKBİM, ProQuest, DergiPark, Google Scholar databases and other internet search engines. According to the results of the research, it was seen that the concept of psychological vulnerability began to be investigated after 2010, the first study was published in 2011, and there has been an increase in the number of studies since that date. It has been observed that most of the researches have been carried out with university students in the field of education. It has been seen that the most of the studies were conducted with the number of participants in the range of 301-400 and the participants were over 100 in all studies. It has been observed that the researches are mostly carried out with the relational survey method, which is one of the descriptive research methods. Psychological vulnerability scale was used in almost all studies. The most widely used data analysis method in research is structural equation modeling, which has been widely used in recent years. It has been observed that most of the studies have been carried out in the fields of education, mental health and psychology.

POSTMODERN ART AND JACQUES DERRİDA; INTELLECTUAL RELATİONS, AESTHETİC CONTEXTS

Samet DOĞAN, — 2026-07-16

Jacques Derrida's methods and views on structuralism form an important part of postmodern discourse. His strategic methods and solution suggestions in line with his criticisms of the Western thought tradition are in many ways associated with postmodern art. In particular, it is possible to base many features such as pluralism, multilateralism, fragmentation, instability and the change of perception of time that are the first discourse of postmodern art within the framework of Derrida's views. It is possible to base many features such as pluralism, multilateralism, fragmentation, instability and the change of perception of time that are the first discourse of postmodern art within the framework of Derrida's views. However, his removal of the distinctive contexts between the work of art and the literary text reveals the importance of his views not only in the field of linguistics, but also in the field of plastic arts. Based on this, in the context of artists and works, the research examines the concepts that constitute the origin of the views that put forward by Derrida and aims to analyze the production forms that specific to postmodern art and the dynamics of production of works.

POST IMPERSSIONIM AND CLAUDE MONET İN CONTEMPORARY PAINTING

Sadokat JİYANOVA,, Medine IRAK — 2026-07-16

The people who made up the society in the historical process were stratified in a hierarchical structure. These strata point to the social status determined according tu cultural and economic differences and expressing the position in society. While the desire to have a good status in human history has always maintained its importance, it has been inevitable to be a subject in art. İn particulari the methods in the process of obtaining status and the inequalities in their sharing are visualized by artists with a critical language. This critical language, in which the artist was directed to the form of an angry, ironic, melancholic, lyrical counter – stance and challenges. The beginning of contemporary Turkish painting art is regarded as a break from traditional art with its westernization efforts at the end of the eighteenth century. After the emergence of movements known as contemporary art movements in general expression,they influenced the art world in many ways. Especially the beginning of the twentieth century opened a new page in the art world. One of the most important and influential of these movements is the current known as impressionism. Although this trend was perceived differently around the day it emerged, it continued to be perceived differntly in every age. İmpressionism, which interacted positively or negativelywith all the movements that came after it, dragged almost all art movements after it.The effects of the current around it continued in different dimensions at different times. İt can be said that while different reactions occurred in different cultures, different interpretations emerged at different times. Post İmpressionism and Claude Monet in contemporary painting. The subject post impressionism contemporary techniques and the use and effects of Claude Monet art techniques on contemporary painting are explained in the study. This work is about contemporary art, impressionism and Claude Monet; İt is aimed to reveal the connections and intersections between them in the context of art and architecture on garden and painting. Monet offers us a unique experience on this subject, as someone who is far from theory and wholly within practical life. İt connects the garden and painting area.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESULTS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: THE CASE OF KAHRAMANMARAŞ YENIKOY

Mehmet YILMAZ,, Mustafa NACAR — 2026-07-16

Yeniköy Kahramanmaras province had migrated to the village people who live interviews made this work The purpose of Kahramanmaras migration causes, consequences, urban integration processes occurring in social change, living in the village in the life of change and migration village people to determine the effects have been. The main problem of the research in this direction, Kahramanmaras migrating families and social change in families living in the village situation.

The findings of our research are as follows; with low levels of education and welfare of villagers urban relations of production can not be easily integrated. Migrate from villages to cities for education, training children of families in completing the integration of urban and social mobility in the context of rapid vertical movement shows up. In the sparse population of the village, there is decrease in abandonment and social relations. In order to keep this city as well as, housing, finding a job in the fields relatives, fellow countrymen, neighbors shows solidarity. When we examine the findings of our study, K.Maraş of migrating to urban culture on the one hand, and trying to adapt their culture, which has become a part of the city has seen. Migrant and non-migrant families when examining social change; Our data obtained from field studies using qualitative research techniques were interpreted.

AN EVALUATION OF THE PUPLISHED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR FINE ARTS HIGH SCHOOLS AND THE STUATION OF MUSIC CLASSES İN THESE PROGRAMS

Umut YAYMAK,, Z. Seçkin GÖKBUDAK — 2026-07-16

Fine Arts High Schools (GSL); They are organizations that provide services within the scope of formal education with the aim of acquiring musical playing, listening and speaking skills, understanding music, creating a musical memory, and laying the groundwork for vocational music education. Various education programs have been published in order to achieve the objectives stated in the establishment aims and to teach the basic knowledge and skills required for music education, which is an important branch of fine arts, within a certain plan in these institutions, which are essentially self-centered but provide professional service. The research has been prepared in order to reveal the curricula published in parallel with the changes and developments that have taken place in the structure of GSL schools since the day they were founded, and to make a general assessment of the level of inclusion of the courses in the field of music in these curricula. "Scan Model" was used in the research, and documents related to the data were accessed by scanning the source. In this context, the published curricula for GSL schools and the availability of music lessons in these curricula were determined, and the results were interpreted by making various analyzes on the data obtained.

ANALYSIS OF OIL PAINTING TECHNIQUE THROUGH JAN EYCK PAINTINGS

Aynur MUKHTAROVA,, Medine IRAK — 2026-07-16

The purpose of this research; to review the foration procesee of Jan Van Eyck art. İn this study it is aimed to contribute to the literatüre by researching the usage phases of this technique thorugh the paintings of Jan Van Eyck one of the first painters to use the oil painting technique. The method of the research was tried to examine the articles published betwen one thousand nine hundered and ninety heads and two thousand twenty The article search was done using the EBSCO search engine.

Jan Van Eycj is one of the leading painters of Flemish painting. There is not much information in the literature about the life of the painter who lived between 1395 and 1441. It has been abserved that the artist generally focused on works related to portrait- profane subjects. The artist has created a place for the Renaissance, which is a new art understanding, with her ability to observe the depth perception of the landscape that contains the features of gothic painting. The artist presented a new perpective to portrait art with these works. In her protre works the rule of three quarters was used and she painted her figures with a characterized figure with an extraordinary realism. Jan started painting at a time when the painting was under religious orders. In some of these works she showed religious elements in the painting by using her symbolism. Different approaches and traditionasilm are used together in the works of jan van eyck. With these works she has also influenced the artist and art understanding that will come after her. The flemish art of painting did not begin with jan avn eyck but with her it gained a great reputation and became effective. The painter greatly influenced the artist after her in terms of their stylistic features.

POSTERS IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL TYPOGRAPHIC STYLE TO POSTMODERN GRAPHIC DESIGN

Duygu DİNÇELİ, — 2026-07-16

Typography, important communication tool, has taken place in posters as a design element that affects perception and meaning in the 20th century. This modernization movement in the field of design that is called New Typography left an indelible impression on Switzerland as a part of the Modernist attitude, with the style that emerged in Russia, The Netherlands and Germany. The style, which spread around the world, highlighted typography as the primary element in the field of design, while some posters were designed with the influences created by Switzerland, some of them moved away from the style and reflected their differences. The social changes experienced after the Second World War and the innovations in digital technology, especially in the 1970s, contributed to the development of typography by providing the emergence of these differences. In this study, the effects of the changes in typography on poster designs from 1950 to the period in which the postmodern graphic understanding began to emerge is examined by bringing them together with related concepts and by literature review.

THE PHYSICAL EXISTENCE OF AIR: “THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL WORLD INTO THE INTERMEDIATE WORLD” FOG

Devabil KARA, — 2026-07-16

Fog, is a phenomenon belongs to functioning of nature which causes changes in the image falling on the retina and in the mental insight of the human being. People tend to give symbolic meanings to the changes occuring in the world around them creating different sensations. Numerous sensory encounters occur when fog is present. It affects not only the presence of matter, but also movement and multivariable sound experiences. Things that can be perceived instantly become inexplicable and incomprehensible. In fog, people have the illusion that the objects around them are suspended in the air. Fog gives air a physical presence. It defies distant perception.The familiar sense of time and place is lost. It reshapes time and space and offers a new perspective. The intense touch of the moist air created by its presence on the skin and its contact with the body requires multiple perceptions. Not only do we have trouble seeing but we can also feel our clothes filled with moisture, the air smells different and the sound is strangely emitted. Objects turn into abstract entities in the creativity of the mist. In the Southeast Asian painting tradition, all kinds of conditions in nature are reflected in the paintings. For a long period of time in Western art, artists were interested in the representation of what is beautified by the splendor of light. For this reason, they considered the neutralization of light and the contamination of colors as the drying up of the resources that stimulate and nourish them. Alber Bayet said, “Ideas that are too obvious are often dead ideas.” As in the discourse (Bayet, 2009, p.49); Things that make their presence clear in glorious light limit creativity. The magic of the visible is enough. The fog, however, provokes the mind and emotions to become active again. Thus, going beyond the world of appearances, a new world is opened with personal creativity. William Turner, who was interested in images such as the sea, fog and clouds, artist Casper David Friedrich, who draws attention to the relationship between fog and abstract thought, Claude Monet, who shows the effect of London's changing atmosphere in his paintings, James Mc Neil Whistler, who puts the smoke created by fog and air pollution at the center of his art, Fujiko Nakaraya, who uses fog as a tool, Olafur Elisasun, who uses basic materials such as light, water and air temperature to develop the viewer's experience of the relationship between his own body and nature, and Devabil Kara with his "Fog" Exhibition, used fog as a means of expression.

EXAMINATION OF BEGINNING CLARINET METHOD BOOKS

Tolga YÜKSEL, — 2026-07-16

The beginning of clarinet education is a sensitive and important period for both the student and the teacher, in terms of encountering the basic technical and musical behaviors required for playing the clarinet for the first time. In the lessons held during this period, the teacher's approach and preferred materials positively affect the efficiency of the process and the comfort of the student. The teacher's ability to select a material that might interest the student, as well as include breathing, blowing, finger and tongue techniques; It can enable the student to improve his clarinet playing skill more easily and quickly. When the relevant literature is searched, many clarinet method books written for the beginning of clarinet education are encountered. In this context, it is aimed to examine and evaluate the selected method books (f=17) with the simple random sampling method in terms of basic technical and musical behaviors. Document analysis model, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. As a result of the research, the situation of the beginner clarinet methods in terms of various behaviors and elements was evaluated, and suggestions for researchers and clarinet educators were included.

A VISUAL READING ON THE USE OF TRADITIONAL MOTIFS IN ARTWORKS: HENRI MATISSE

Esra YILDIRIM, — 2026-07-16

Although the motif is a cultural value; it is an evolving cultural reflection. Henri Matisse, who was one of the most important painters of 20th century modern art, who skillfully used colors and motifs in his works. The subject of the research is to be able to make visual readings on Matisse’s works that contain motifs. In this context, qualitative research method and descriptive analysis approach depending on this method are used in the research. The motif that is formed and developed on everyday objects is evidently by establishing a bridge between daily life and art; can explain the state of belonging to the period in which art was produced and to connect with life. In the research, the symbolic meanings of Anatolian motifs and Matisse’s motif productions are examined. As a result of the evaluations made on the works of Matisse, as an artist who feeds on the motif and its roots; Even today, the eclectic structure of postmodernism supports the use of motifs in art.

BURSA DARÜLKURRA TOMBSTONES AND ADORNMENTS

Yasin KILIÇ, — 2026-07-16

Bursa Darülkurra was built by Hoca Yakub Efendi in 1492 (898). In a two-line inscription on the courtyard gate, it is stated that the darülkurra was established for the purpose of teaching the Quran. The building is located in the historical texture in the center of Bursa. There is a burial ground on the northwest side of the courtyard on the north side of the Darülkurra. There are a total of 42 tombs in the burial ground and most of the tombs have survived to the present day. It is seen that the tombs in the burial area generally belong to the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century. The earliest dated tomb in the cemetery is the tombstone of Bursa Governor Kadızade Hüseyin Pasha, dated H.957-M.1550. According to the information we have obtained from the archive documents, it has been determined that the tombstone belonging to Kadızade Hüseyin Pasha, the Governor of Bursa, was brought from the Söğütlüçeşme cemetery. There are four different types of ornamentation on the graves and tombstones in the burial ground: geometric, plant, architectural and object. Geometric ornaments made with star, auger, circle and exterior composition, 9 of the tombstones, herbal ornaments made with palmette, flower, leaf, rosette motifs on 22 of the tombstones, architectural ornaments made with moldings, hobnails, muqarnas, 16 of the tombstones and the moon. -Object decorations with star, epaulette, Mevlevi headdress are seen on 3 of the tombstones. . Male tombstones have different types of caps according to various social groups. Women's tombstones are decorated with flower motifs. The tombstones in this burial ground draw attention as more plain examples that continue the tradition of making tombstones in terms of social, economic and cultural aspects. century Ottoman period is seen as a sampling type. It is aimed to determine the ornamentation seen in the graves and tombstones of Darülkurra Cemetery, its inventory, the ornament types, materials, techniques, the dating of the ornaments on the gravestones, and to examine and evaluate the similarities and differences with the ornaments of the gravestones in other historical cemeteries in the city. The masters were found in different periods. In our study, the types, materials and techniques of the ornaments seen on the graves and tombstones of the Darülkurra Cemetery were examined and compared with the ornaments of the tombstones in other historical cemeteries in Bursa.

EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF INTERNET BANKING ON BANK PROFITABILITY IN THE TURKISH BANKING SECTOR

Müge ÇETİNER,, Ali Can KARAMAN — 2026-07-16

Today, with the development of technology in many areas, the needs and demands of consumers have begun to change, and accordingly, the transaction processes and marketing understandings of institutions have begun to change. The banking sector is one of the institutions where these changes are experienced. With the increasing interest in innovative demands, banks have started to use distribution channels in many areas. Accordingly, new competition conditions have been entered with distribution channels such as mobile banking, internet banking and telephone banking. Through distribution channels, banks reduced transaction costs, accelerated transaction processes and provided many advantages in inter-institutional competition. Customers were also provided with the opportunity to access the desired information easily, to make transactions at any time with low cost, and the obligation to go to the branch was eliminated. My study examines how internet banking, number of customers and transaction volume affect the operating profitability of banks. It has been determined that the increase in transactions made with internet banking has a positive effect on the operating profits of the banks.