SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL (SSSJournal), Year 2018 Issue 15

ACTIVITIES OF FRANCE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Ömer Lütfi TAŞCIOĞLU, — 2024-08-29

In this article French politics on the Armenian issue and the effects of these politics on Ottoman-French relations have been evaluated. France which got in touch with the Ottoman Christians in the second half of the 16th century took the initiative to exploit and provoke the Armenians for riot against the Ottoman Empire in order to control the Eastern Mediterranean via Syria from 17th century onwards. France used the Franciscans, merchants, travelers and consuls to provoke the Armenians against the Ottoman Empire and instilled them autonomy and independency in the long term. At the same time France asked the Ottoman Empire to pardon the Armenian rebels, shipped them to France and provided political asylum and citizenship. France also used Armenians to occupy the Anatolia and brought them back to France after leaving the Anatolia.

WOMEN NOVEL WRITERS IN SAUDI ARABIA LITERATURE

Davut ORHAN, — 2024-08-29

The participation of Saudi women writers in novel studies started with Vadda’tu amâlî of Samira Hashikchi which published in 1960. Many female writers, such as Aişa Zahr Ahmad, Naziha Kutbi and Huda al-Rashid, who effected by Hashihchi, one of the pioneer women rights defenders in Saudia, have contunied the presence of female novelists in Saudi literature. Passing through the periods of birth, maturing and top, Saudi women novel studies have similarities with works written by male authors in terms of novel arts. On the other hand, they differ, firstly with a feminist approach to women rights issues, and after 2000s with their emphasis on issues such religion, politics and sexuality. The Saudi female novelists who have made their presence felt effectively with writers who have been awarded with international awards such as Laila al-Cuhani and Reca 'âlem have succeeded in maintaining their literary activities until today. Even, it is clear that the role of women authors in Saudi novel studies will be more powerful in the future, by taking into account the number of women in this area is closing to the number of men in related detailed studies, published works.

EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL SITUATION OF WOMEN WHO LOST HIS HUSBAND AND CHILDREN OF THEM AND SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS

İrfan DOĞAN, — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to evaluate psychosocial situation of women who lost his husband and children of them and to provide solution suggestions.The study was constructed in the context of mix method and was designed complemantary mix method because of being needed examinig of important data more. Sample of the study is 114 women who lost his husband and children of them. Probability sampling was used in the study due to was selected the women registered to Kecioren Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation random. It was carried out analysis of quantitative data through SPSS program and analysis of qualitative data through descriptive analysis. In the result of the study, it was found that women who lost his husband had health problems (30.7%), and substance addicting problems (21.9%). It was determined that about half of the women earned her life with remaning salary from his husband who dead, many of the women had lack of family support, and social support system of whom was insufficient, and many of whom received social assistance from any institution. It was identified that the women had economical problems more, and spiritual problems, psychological problems, child care problems, and social exceptions problems following. It was also found that children of the women had health problems (22.8%), substance addicting problems (17.5%); more half of the children were changed his/her behaviour after death of father of them, and 36% of the children decreased school success.In this context, it is tried to offer solution suggestions about problems of the women and children of them.

DETERMINATION OF READING COMPREHENSION LEVELS OF FOURTH GRADE STUDENTS IN TERMS OF SOME VARIABLES

Hatice DEĞİRMENCİ GÜNDOĞMUŞHatice DEĞİRMENCİ GÜNDOĞMUŞ, — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to determine the level of reading comprehension of the students who are studying in the fourth grade of primary school according to some variables. The level of reading comprehension of the students in terms of the purpose of the study was examined according to the time spent reading the text, the sex and the text. The survey model was used in the study. The study group of this study is composed of 262 students who are studying in the fourth grade of elementary school. The "Reading Comprehension Test" developed by Kuşdemir (2014) was used as a data collection tool. Descriptive statistics, t-test for dependent groups and t-test for independent groups were used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the research, the students who participated in the research showed similar success in storytelling and informative texts; the level of comprehension of the female students was higher than that of the male students, and there was a statistically significant difference; it is seen that the students read the storytelling texts longer than the informative texts and this time difference is statistically significant. Based on the results of the research, various suggestions are made to increase the level of understanding of the fourth-grade students in primary school.

STUDENTS IN TOURISM EDUCATION WITH HIGHER EDUCATION LEVEL ACQUISITION RELATED TO TOURISM INDUSTRY

Burhanettin ZENGİN,, Ahmet KIRMIZI — 2024-08-29

The tourism industry has emerged as one of the most attractive industries in the world in parallel with the growing demand and tourist spending in recent years and the development of technology. However, the need for this highly qualified workforce also increases day by day. The main purpose of the research is to determine the opinions of the students at the undergraduate and undergraduate level who are studying tourism education towards the tourism industry and to compare the perceptions of the tourism education students who are undergraduate and undergraduate level to the tourism industry. In the study, as a result of the theoretical and practical trainings of the students who are studying at the higher education institutions providing education, the contents of the tourism industry were not structured in the career choices with the changes in the opinions about the tourism industry. Quantitative United Nations Secretary General. Sample The Sakarya University Tourism Faculty and the Karasu MYO Department of Tourism and Hotel Management have been determined for students. 789 students collected questionnaire data. There were no differences between the anxieties of terrorism in terms of the dimensions of "research and promotion, the attitudes of managers and employees, social status, working conditions and occupational health and safety". However, the categories and breakdowns in which they are studying should also differentiate their views on the tourism industry. It can be said that first and second year students have more favorable / moderate approach to the sector compared to the other classes.

PREDICTING AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS IN TERMS OF PARENTAL STYLES EXPOSED DURING CHILDHOOD

Kasım TATLILIOĞLU, — 2024-08-29

The aim of the research is to test a hypothesis of Structural Family Therapy, which is "The source of psychopathological symptoms that interacted within family members (Minuchin, 1974; Carpenter & Treacher, 1982)." in our country. Therefore, it's indicated whether mother and father parental styles exposed automatic thoughts form on depression during childhood. The research is conducted on 322 students at the 12th grade in a vocational school. Ages of participants varies from 17 to 20. "Young Parenthood Scale" and "Automatic Thoughts Scale" are used as the data collection tool. As statics technique; simple regression analysis is used and data is analyzed with Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. As a result; it is found that parental styles exposed during childhood are significant formers of automatic thoughts and there is a remarkably positive relation between parental styles and automatic thoughts level from low to medium variance. This result makes the hypothesis of Structural Family Therapy also valid in our country.

INNOVATION STRATEGIES AS A TOOL TO GAIN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Mustafa TANDOĞAN, — 2024-08-29

The emerging developments by globalization process force the organizations to compete each other in order to keep in step with changing world conditions. Thus the organizations apply the competition strategies to continue their existence and not to fall behind the rivals. Lately innovation has become a new approach in competition. Thereby innovation activities play a part in the studies in behalf of outmaneuvering. The radical and incremental innovation activities like product, service, process, marketing and organization are being applied. These innovation activities can provide a competition advantage as attacker, defensive, imitator, dependent, traditional and innovation strategy which use the opportunities according to rival companies or site of action.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' IRRATIONAL BELIEFS AND TRAIT ANGER EXPRESSİONS IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS

Özgür DEMİRCİ SEYREK,, Melek KALKAN — 2024-08-29

This research aimed to explore the correlation between university students’ irrational beliefs and anger expression styles in romantic relationships. To this end, the belief inventory and the state-trait anger expression inventory were applied to the 357-participant study group. The research results showed that belief of helplessness was positive significantly correlated to anger expression types of anger-in and anger-out in university students’ romantic relationships. Unlovability belief was found positive significantly correlated to anger-in and anger out and negative significantly correlated to anger control. While helplessness belief significantly predicted anger-in and anger-out styles, unlovability belief significantly predicted anger-in, anger-out and anger control styles.

A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON HEALTH INNOVATION AND HEALTH TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM

Özgür ASLAN,; Canser BOZ , Melis CERİT — 2024-08-29

The healthcare sector is one of the sectors most affected by technological developments after the aerospace sector. The most basic aim of the health system is to ensure people reach quality, adequate and low cost health care. Innovation, which is a collective service and a social dimension, plays an important role in achieving these goals. Health innovation is defined as improvements and changes in health policies, health systems, health products and services, health technologies and service delivery methods to improve people’s health. In this study, it was aimed to draw a conceptual framework on innovation and health innovation and to explain the innovations introduced to the health system within the framework of Health Transformation Program put into practice in 2003 within the scope of health innovation. Within the scope of health innovation in the Turkish health care system in recent years, significant developments have been made especially in service financing, presentation and organization. Despite significant improvements in healthcare system due to the effects of these changes, there are still things to be done within the context of product/service, process and structural innovation.

REGIONAL ECONOMIC INSTABILITIES IN TURKEY AND WAYS OF SOLUTION

Muharrem BAKKAL,; Süreyya BAKKAL , Hakan YILDIRIM — 2024-08-29

Regional diferences in Turkey have increased especialy after 1980 s.İncentives have been introduced especially for underdeveloped regions forthce rational distribution of investments between regions but they weren’t in the desired level.The reason of this how difficult to change the change the sociocultural infrastructure before the economicial infrastructure of that region Regional imblance in Turkey, especially betweeen East and West regions, is a major problem. In relation to this regional development agencies were establihed in every region. Regional differences have been tried to be solved with these agencies. Each agency has adopted a development for itself. The all purpose is to minimize the regional differences. The concept of regional differences. The concept of regional imbalance has been seen all over the country There appeared imbalances in the population agricultural strvature, financial strycture, distribution of income, transportation and communication, and health and education. These imbalances should be reseached socially, culturally and economically, As a result, recessary measures must be taken fort he development of the country A development strategy should be established according to the nature of the region and regional plans should be structured regularly. Invesment should be made more attaractive especially in underdeveloped regions, and relevant incentive measures should be implemented as required. Especially tax incentives are very important here. Reduction in taxation makes investments in that region. However, even with the investments made in the underdeveloped regions, it has been understood that the imbalance can not be solved, even increasingly, and ultimately filing. Because the investments are not made in a coordinated world.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF NGOs AND THEIR ROLE IN PLURALIST DEMOCRACY

Ahmet Nafiz ÜNALMIŞ, — 2024-08-29

This study examined the development of NGOs starting from the 19th century and explained that NGOs becoming efficient in political sphere after World War II came out as an actor in the political involvement of pluralist democracies after the 1970s. The political activities of NGOs have encouraged many political scientists to work on this field; however, that led to diversity in the definition of NGOs and complicated to come to an agreement on the issue. In this article, it is explained that the changes the NGOs had and the controversial features that enable the organizations in civil society to be defined as NGOs as from the 19th century, as well as the common features and functions that the NGOs fulfill in political sphere and the role and importance of NGOs in pluralist democratic structures.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECREATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND BUSINESS ETHICS IN HOTELS: AN APPLICATION ON LAND-SPORT ANIMATORS

Şerif Ahmet DEMİRDAĞ,, Evren GÜÇER — 2024-08-29

Almost the all activities in the tourism sector take place between the sector employees who are described as service producers and the tourist consumers who receiving service. So, the human factor holds an important place for the tourism sector and especially for the hotel enterprises, which has a very dynamic structure in this respect. Moreover, the animation service staff spend a great majority of the day time with the guests face to face in the hotels where animation service is offered. The animation staff can be considered as a recreational leader which leads to the recreational activities for enjoying the good times of tourists in hotels. Furthermore, it is expected by animation staff that to have different leadership attitudes especially from the situational perspective in addition to the managerial skills and also should exhibit ethical behavior against the business, the managers, the colleagues and the tourists. From this point of view, the aim of this research is to determine the relationship between recreational leadership attitudes and business ethics of the land-sport animators. For this aim, the data is collected by questionnaire which applied on 391 land sports animators working in resort hotels of Antalya, Muğla and Aydın. These data were analyzed and interpreted in computer environment and some suggestions related to this topic were introduced.

ANALYSIS OF DEEP ECOLOGY APPROACH ON THE AXIS OF POLITICS

Bilge Kağan ŞAKACI, — 2024-08-29

The purpose of the study is to analyse what kind of political approach is adopted by the deep ecology movement which is expected to be the philosophy of the new millennium and which is frequently on the agenda. One of the fundamental elements of deep ecology is the concept of politics. In addition, the concept of deep ecology platform has one direct principle on the concept of politics: “Policies must therefore be changed. These policies affect basic economic, technological, and ideological structures. The resulting state of affairs will be deeply different from the present.”The study consists of three interrelated parts. political criticism of deep ecology, deep ecology and political problems, class analysis. In political analysis, although it has ecocentric elements, the anthropocentric point of view is predominant.

THE EFFECT OF LEARNING STRATEGIES ON THE SECONDARY SIXTH CLASS STUDENTS’ SUCCES OF TURKISH LESSON

Sevil BÜYÜKALAN FİLİZ,, Leyla ERCAN — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to show the effect of using learning strategies in Turkish lesson to the success of the students in the 6th grade middle school. Quantitative research method was used; Experimental model with pre-test-post-test control group was applied. In the academic year of 2016-2017, it was carried out with the students in a Secondary School in Ankara province Gölbaşı district. Class 6-E was assigned as the experiment and 6-F as the control group. The classes are selected randomly. To collect data in the research, "Turkish Course Success Test" was applied on two groups. The success test was developed by the researchers and was made by analyzing the items and eliminating items with less than 0.29 separations.T-test was used for independent groups. Results show; there was no significant difference in pre-test achievement averages between the experimental group and the control group; a significant difference in test group in the mean of the final test success points. When the success level of the students according to the sex was examined, it was seen that there was a meaningful difference both for the pre-test results and for the post-test result in favor of the girl students.

PRESCHOOL TEACHERS' VIEWS TOWARDS FAMILY INVOLVEMENT: PREFERENCES AND PRACTICES

Mine KOYUNCU ŞAHİN, — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this research is to determine the reasons of family involvement activities which are found more effective and are applied less frequently by teachers in preschool education. Moreover it is also the purpose of this research to identify situations that are difficult for teachers in family involvement activities and what teachers are doing to include families to family involvement activities. Case study as a type of qualitative research was used and semi-structured interview was applied as data collection tool. The study group consists of 20 teachers working in Ankara province. According to the results of descriptive and content analysis, 6 themes have emerged. Accordingly, it has been found that teachers apply less frequently creating awareness for the special needs individuals and participation in the management and decision-making processes of the family. Besides, teachers have asserted factors such as time problems of families and working conditions as reasons for not using home visits very often. Teachers prefer individual interviews and the participation in educational activities of families, as family involvement activities. The participation of families in educational activities is found more effective by teachers. They point out that the family involvement activities which is effective, strengthen family-teacher communication and provide mutual trust.

EVALUATION OF GÜMÜŞHANE CITY IN TERMS OF GASTRONOMY TOURISM

Suat AKYÜREK,, Halil İbrahim ZEYBEK — 2024-08-29

Gastronomy is a concept which includes food and culture, enterprises and production areas of a region. Gastronomy tourism on the other hand, is a type of tourism that occurs by presentation of at least one of gastronomic elements. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Gümüşhane city in terms of gastronomy tourism. In the research, document analysis and semi structured interview technique were used as data collection instrument. Written and visual sources regarding the gastronomic elements of Gümüşhane city were surveyed and the gastronomic potential was put forth by meeting with relevant people. With the interviews made, identification of current status of gastronomy tourism for Gümüşhane city was aimed and suggestions were offered to relevant persons and institutions about what should be done in order to develop gastronomy tourism. According to findings obtained in the study, it was identified that there were a lot of local food and beverage peculiar to Gümüşhane city but that the presentation of such food and beverage as touristic product was inadequate. Thus, with common studies to be conducted by relevant persons, institutions and organizations, it is suggested that the presentation of gastronomic elements of Gümüşhane city could be enhanced as touristic product and that they could reach a better position in terms of gastronomy tourism. In addition, it was determined that gastronomy tourism could become a supportive and supplementary type of tourism along with other tourism types for increasing tourism demand towards Gümüşhane city and that it could play significant roles in branding of the city.

DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STOCK PRICES AND FINANCIAL ASSET PRICES: AN IMPLEMENTATION ON BORSA ISTANBUL 100 INDICES

Hakan ALTIN, — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between stock prices that quoted in BIST 100 indices stated in Borsa İstanbul, and financial asset prices that is represented by Brent oil, bond yield, Futures contract price, Euro/Dollar and Gold/Dollar parities. Dataset includes the time period between 01.01.2003-31.03.2017. In the first step of econometric implementation, stability test of each data has been done. In the second step, White Heteroscedasticity Ordinary Least Squares (WHOLS) method has been implemented to eliminate main econometric problems. In the third and final step, Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) method has been implemented to review relationship between variables. According to research findings, it has been determined that Brent oil, Euro/Dollar parity, bond yield and Futures contract price have negatively associated with stock prices, Gold/Dollar has positively associated with stock prices

& Şeyma AKKUL

Cem Harun MEYDAN,, Şeyma AKKUL — 2024-08-29

This study investigates the power concept and the role of power in organizations. The “power over” approach, as a main dimension to understand power, is tried to be clarified with a historical focus. This study focuses on the power over approach, and the role of this approach on the relationships among individuals. Power over approach argues that power exists because of conflict of interest. So power is primarily about to overcome conflict of interest which occurs when people want different things and have different interests that lie in different directions. In this context, conceptual development of the power over approach, power over approach in organizations, power to approach, the distinction between these approaches and reflection of this distinction to organizational environment is explained. The role of power over and power to approaches on the conflicts among individuals and collective actions in the organizations is also discussed. It is concluded that power relations are important to overcome conflict of interest.

THE SPATIAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF CONSERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF HISTORICAL SITES BASED UPON ANKARA HAMAMÖNÜ RENEWAL PROJECT AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MARAGHEH CITY (IRAN), MOLLA RÜSTEM-HAMAM HISTORICAL SITES

İraj Mohseni TAZEHKAND,, Nihan ÖZDEMİR SÖNMEZ — 2024-08-29

Historical urban sites, which is the memory of the cities, is known as the most important component of the urban identity. In many cities, the historical urban sites lose their function and value by being deprived of their identity because of unconsciousness and carelessness. Ankara Hamamönü is a part of the old city where the function and the identity had long been lost. However it became a new tourist destination of Ankara by the implementation of an urban renewal and improvement project.This project contributed to the historical identity of Ankara . In this study firstly, the strength and weaknesses of Hamamönü renewal and improvement project were assessed in terms of spatial, social and economic aspects. Then Molla Rüstem-Hamam, located in the historical market which is the backbone of historical sites of Maragheh (Iran), was examined and the current situation of the area was determined. The comparison between Hamamönü and Molla Rüstem-Hamam area helped to understand the problems of the area and its inhabitants comprehensively. It also pawed the way for developing sound conservation recommendations for the Maragheh historic site by taking into account the results obtained from the Hamamönü renewal and improvement project. These preservation recommendations have also been developed by focusing on international conservation regulations and legal documents.

PLACE OF WOMAN’S TESTIMONY IN ISLAMIC LAW

Bünyamin ÇALIK, — 2024-08-29

In this statement, our main object is to explain the importance and place of woman’s testimony in Islamic Law with its evidence. Testimony is an instrument of proving in the sense of public service for justice. When we examine the sources of Islamic Law, we can observe that case of testimony is usually discuss below the title testimony or it is discussed implicitly within the jurisdiction. This is the reason why the testimony subject has been discussed in the way disorderly, so it is neither coherent nor decent. In the past, legal judgments were based on testimony and judges were the ones who determined if testifier was just or not, quality of their testimony was not the case to argued. Back then, the scientist did not know the facts which can affect the testimony. After, the world has discovered the researches of psychologists and scientific experiments which deny absolute belief to the discourse of testifiers. Because of this, we defend that it is necessary to take into considering the researches and experiences of psychological science and other disciplines which have a strong relationship between testimonies. Testimony is one of the oldest documents of a witness. That is why humankind is needed testimony when there is a situation which involved crime and punishment. Testimony and evidence have a very large place in the world of law to give people justice. Creation and evaluation of testimony have a lien between the creation and evaluation of ideas of law. Besides, it is connected with the facts which originated from rules of procedure for justification of jurisdiction subjects. The crime concept has been born with humankind. First of all, that concept is relevant to the violation of the prohibition. Along with the evolution of humankind, attack towards to others rights has begun. The necessity of response of these kinds of attacks has emerged. At the outset, there was an idea of individual reprisal against crime. But along with the creation and evaluation of states and legislation, and the emergence of jurisdiction the need of existence a proof with testimony has come in sight. In this context, when we mention about woman’s testimony, we can observe that their testimony is not accepted for certain issues. For example, for adultery crime, there would be needed four men and woman’s testimony is not valid on this subject. The issue of numbers and who might be a testifier can be changed according to the situation. For instance, according to Islamic Law, for certain cases, there would be a necessity of two women beside a man. And also in certain cases, we observe one woman can be enough for testimony.

REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT INCENTIVES

Hasan BAŞTAŞ, — 2024-08-29

The main purpose of this study is to examine the spatial effect in demand for government incentives.Spatial weight matrice has been constructed by contiguity rule. Moran’s I Test result comfirms that there exists weak spatial effect among providences. After performing LM, it has been decided that the best fit model for the paper was Spatial Error Model. Estimation results indicates that an %1 increase in public investments boost demand for government incentives slightly more than % 1. The more foreign trade volume the more demand for incentives. At the same time, the demand for incentives in relatively developed providences is greater than demand in other providences.

THE BEGINNING OF THE GOOD LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS: THE EFFORTS OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO DETERMINE ITS NEW AUSTRIAN POLICY (1791-1815)

Levent DÜZCÜ, — 2024-08-29

ABSTRACT The period we examine in this article is the time between Treaty of Sistova in 1791 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815. As the Ottoman Empire observed Austria, we will discuss here through its own sources. In particular, through some records in the Hatt-i Hümayun fonds located in the Ottoman Archive of the Prime Ministry, how the Ottoman political elite established new relations with Austria after the war, the observations of the Ottoman ambassadors in Vienna about Austria and how the Ottoman Empire assessed Austria through these observations during the period of peace, can be considered as topics to be covered by this article. It would probably not be wrong to say that the long-lasting process of decline of both empires began after the war. On the one hand, while the Ottoman Empire established cautious relations with Austria in the period immediately following the French Revolution, on the other hand it tended to follow developments in Europe through Austria.

DISADVANTAGED GROUPS IN GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS BETWEEN 1923-2016

Abdullah ELMAS, — 2024-08-29

Government programs are programs that reflect governments’ vision and political philosophy and that put forward solutions and strategy against all the problems of country and that show the feelings and thoughts of those who govern the country. The aim of this research is to study on the reflections of disadvantaged groups in the government programs. This study is a qualitative research based on written sources. Collection of data has been made through document analysis. Those data collected through document analysis in the study have been analyzed through the methods of descriptive analysis and contents analysis.

THE FATE OF THE AUSTRIAN CAPTIVES IN THE PERIOD AFTER THE SECOND SIEGE OF VIENNA (END OF THE 17TH CENTURY-BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CEN-TURY)

Yusuf YILDIZ, — 2024-08-29

The Ottoman-Austrian relations began in the 14th century. Because, the Austrian Habsburgs also supported the Eas-tern Europaen coalition forces who wanted to expel the Turks from Europe. The Turkish push towards Europe con-tiuned rapidly during the next two countries. Although the Turks approached the Austrian border after the conquest of Istanbul in the reign of Mehmet II, the Ottoman-Austrian relations did not intensify in this period. The real Turkish danger began for Austria during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. Because, after Suleiman conquered Hungarn the Ottoman Empire and Austria were henceforth neighbors shared common borders. As the interests of both states subsequently clashed in the same area, the beginning of a process of long wars became inevitable. Undoubtedly, both sides seized many captives during these struggles. The number of sources giving informations about the Austrian capti-ves that had been seized by the Ottoman Empire is increasing especially after the second siege of Vienna. Under certain conditions, the prisoners were granted the right to obtain their freedom. The prisoners could usually gain their freedom by paying ransom. Another preferred war to become free was the conversion. The prisoners who accepted Islam were not only released, but also benefited from some possibilities and privileges provided by the state, such as being admit-ted into the state service or financial support.

DETERMINING TURKISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ TENDENCY TOWARDS ETHICAL VALUES

Fesih SARIGÜL,, Fatih KANA — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to determine Turkish language teachers’ tendency towards ethical values. Descriptive scanning model was used in the study. Scanning models are research app roaches that aim to describe a currentor past situation as it is. The population of the study was the 296 Turkish teachers in the province of located to the west of Turkey; however the sampling was made from the 60 Turkish teachers in the city center of this city during the 2015-2016 school year. The research group was selected in accordance with simple / random sampling, which is a form of non-random sampling technique. The data were collected by means of the “tendency towards ethical values” scale, which was developed by Kaya, (2015) after the due validity andreli ability analyses. The collected data were then analyzed by means of the Statistics Packagefor Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.00. Such statistical test sand analyses as frequency, percentage, arithmetical means, t- tests an done-way variance analysis were utilized for analyzing the data. There rusults reveal that there is an overall tendency of Turkish language teachers towards ethical values.

ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN YEME DAVRANIŞLARINDAKİ DEĞİŞİM NEDENLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Ayşe Nur SONGÜR,; Bengü BÜYÜKDERECİ , Funda Pınar ÇAKIROĞLU — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this study is to determine changes and reasons for eating behaviors of first-year university students after starting university. Using an eating behavior scale, we asessed the eating behavior before and after commencing university of 330 first year undergraduates who study in Ankara. 84.6% of the students who stated that they had changed their eating behaviors who live away from their family. It has been determined that the majority of the students who change their eating behaviors (77.6%) were experiencing negative change. The students stated that the reasons for the negative change life are generally “not suitable foods for their eating behaviours, not being the one that prepares meals and not have enough time to eat”. It was seen that the scores of the eating behavior of students after started to university were affected significantly residence and department of students (p<0.05). Students who studied in health-related departments and stayed with their parents have increased their average scores after they started at the university. Gaining and maintaining healthy eating behaviours is very important for university students who are the future of society. Therefore, interventions should be made to correct the factors that affect the eating behaviors of university students in the negative way. In addition, nutrition education programs aimed at improving healthy eating behaviors of students should be organized.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL TRUSTIN THE IMPACT OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE PERCEPTION

Tuba BÜYÜKBEŞE,, Kazım DAĞ — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the ethical leadership perception of the teachers on the organizational trust in the influence of organizational justice. The universe of the research is composed of the teachers working in Şehitkâmil district of Gaziantep in the fall semester of 2017-2018. The sample in the study was formed from the teachers who were selected by the sampling method easily from within the universe and who agreed to participate in the research. The data of the study were obtained by using 3 different measurement tools to determine teachers' ethical perceptions, organizational trust perceptions and justice perceptions. These data were analyzed in the SPSS 23 program (descriptive statistics, normality analyzes, factor analysis, regression analysis and Sobel test to determine organizational trust). As a result of the study, it has been found that ethical leadership has a role as a partial mediator of organizational trust in its influence on organizational justice.

MARBLING APPLICATIONS ON DIFFERENT TYPES FABRIC SURFACES

Sema Özkan TAĞI,, İkbal DARÇIN — 2024-08-29

Having an important place in Turkish decorative arts, ebru used to be an auxiliary art in the past. Nowadays it has become a kind of art used alone. Ebru is made by adding marbling dye containing bile with a brush to the surface of condensed water at salep consistency to form shape and then by transferring it to the surface such as paper, wood, leather. While ebru used to be applied on only paper formerly, today it was applied on fabric and a wide varieties of materials, In this research, it was aimed to determine which fabric type visually gives better results when marbling is applied to different types of fabric surfaces obtained from market, which type of fabrics are compatible for ebru work, and which fabric type is more resistant to rubbing in making marbling by comparing their friction fastness values. For this purpose, different types of fabrics obtained from the market were used for ebru making after treatment with mordant containing alum and without mordant. The results of total 44 marbled fabric surfaces were visually evaluated and the results of fastness values were given.

INFORMING PUBLIC OPINION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS ON SOCIAL MEDIA (OLIVE BRANCH OPERATION TWITTER EXAMPLE)

Serkan ÖZTÜRK, — 2024-08-29

Social media platforms provide direct communication with organizations' target audiences. It is essential to establish a mutual dialogue in order to establish a communication environment based on mutual good sense of understanding especially with the target audience. Social media applications can provide great opportunities to the public and private sector institutions and institutions in the establishment of this environment provided that they are used effectively. In this study, social media has been trying to draw attention to the importance of creating public opinion, supporting and influencing the thoughts and opinions of the target group in terms of public relations. Tweets about the Olive Branch Operation taken from the Presidential Twitter address on Twitter, which is an effective communication and interaction tool in social media, have been examined. The tweets taken during the first week of the operation between January 20 and January 26, the start of the Zeytindali Operation, were examined in this study and subjected to content analysis. According to the results of the research, most of the words in the tweets are used in "Olive Branch". Also "terror" and "terrorist" were also used intensively. Thus, emphasized that the operation was started for peace and againts terrorist.

IN THE PROPHET MOUNTAIN RETALIATION (MOUNTAİN İN KISÂS-I ENBİYÂ) HİNDÎ MAHMÛD EXAMPLE

Eyüp YALÇIN, — 2024-08-29

It is aimed to be examined mountain formation that is first Turkısh verse short Enbiya in our work that passes in short Enbiya work that is examined by Turkey Mahmut who is 16 th century poets in 1579. İn our work after general information about short Enbiya, Prophets who are mountain formation in their parable are given to according to chronolojical series and it is examined on example couplets from work about this ıssue. Mountain is known as very high chopters in dictionerics diffucult to climb, covered with trees or naked, cliff, earth crust’s protruding, high with inclined slopes, dominate the environmet, radiated to quite large area. Mountains have expressed closing the lord with regard to indicating earth’s highest points, place nail with regard to keep constant the earth in verse “Did we make stake mountains in Quran.” Mountains are known as asylum to the God, warship and comtemplation places of prophets and sacred people. Almost all the prophets are seen to contact with mountain in their life in a way. First mercy and forgiveness have come to Hz Adam in mountain. Hz Moses has reunited his Lord’s transfiguration in Tour mountain. Mountains have joined Hz Davit’s voice with echo. Hz Noah’s ship has pointed its trip after the flood in the mount judi. Jesus has identified with the oil tree. First revelation has came to Hz Muhammad in the mountain light. Thus, Mountains are known as revelation contemplation, internal resurreection, liberation from material spirutual troubles places etc.

DEVLET DIŞI KURULUŞLARIN TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASINDA KARAR ALMA SÜREÇLERİNDEKİ ROLÜ

Hatice ÇELİK, — 2024-08-29

The nation states are in a phase of fast-changing technology environment. The speed of technological transformation is enabling people to reach information whether true or false very quickly. What happens in a certain geography of the world is immediately heard also by people in other parts of the world. In this context, the transformation of information to knowledge, in other words, the production of knowledge is no longer under the sole authority of the nation state. Independent actors and agencies are eager to play a role in this process, too. Those actors and agencies can be defined as non-governmental organizations in broader sense. This paper is based on the field research of the author, conducted in 2012 in Ankara with experts working in different think-tanks. In this study, it has been conducted in-depth interviews with the expertise working in different NGOs regarding their influence and role in Turkish foreign policy decision making process. It was aimed to understand and analyze whether the agencies have a role or not in the process.

THE EFFECT OF CREDIT VOLUME ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN ANALYSIS ON TURKEY

Meltem KILIÇ, — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to examine the impact financial development on economic growth using quarterly data fort he period between 2003Q1-2017Q4 in Turkey. While domestic credit volüme is used as a financial development indicator, real gross domestic product is used as an indicator of economic growth. The study utilized unit root tests, johansen cointegration tests and Granger causality analysis. The analysis found that there was a long-term relationship between domestic credit volüme and economic growth, and that there was a one-way causality from domestic credit volüme to economic growth.

AHMED RIZA AND POSİTİVİSM

Aysel OKTEN, — 2024-08-29

Ahmed Rıza testified both the collapse of Ottoman Empire and the foundation of Turkish Republic. Ahmed Rıza impressed by positivism was leader of idea of “order and progress” and developed theory of positivism in the Ottoman Empire. Also Ahmed Rıza within İttihat ve Terakki (Party of Union and Progress) expressed important opinions about from İslamism to education, from equality to personhood. Also he tried to implement objective rationalism together with positivism in his country. We see in this article that Islam is defined as a “religion of humanity” with positivism, society is directed with education, and nationalism is unified with independence by Ahmed Rıza. Ahmed Rıza who was head writer in the Meşveret made important analysis about political life in Ottoman Empire and criticized political enviroment of the Abdulhamid period. Ahmed Rıza believed independence with avoid external intervention. This belief was bring out distinction. Ahmed Rıza specified that, Pozitivism should be main structure in all period. Also Ahmed Rıza was inspired of Auguste Comte who is founded Pozitivism. Ahmed Rıza made an effort to understanding Comte’s idea.

ANIMAL STYLE IN HUNS

Ebru ORAL, — 2024-08-29

Since pre-historical times, religious beliefs, geographical conditions, life styles and natural events have come foremost among the most important aspects playing role in emergence and development of sense of art in the communities. It is contemplated that the spiritual values of step communities and their tendencies to supernatural powers have played an important role in emergence and development of Animal Style reflecting the religious beliefs and social life styles of Middle and Internal Asia Step Cultures. One of the most important communities reflecting life style, socio-cultural structure, religious beliefs and sense of art of Step cultures is Huns. The information about Hun Culture and Art, which occupies an important place in terms of Step Cultures, comes from findings obtained from archaeological excavations. It is a clear fact that the emergence and development of Animal Style which has an important place in Hun art comes from their dependence on nature and animals. Within the context of this study, in the light of findings obtained from archaeological excavations, the reasons why Animal Style appeared will be tried to be evaluated by considering historical development and characteristic properties of animal descriptions depicted on various art works in the course of time.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN TRADE BETWEEN TURKEY AND BRICS COUNTRIES BY BEC CLASSIFICATION (2000-2016)

Maia KRENDELEVA,; Rabia EFEOĞLU , Şuayb POTUR — 2024-08-29

In this study, for the purpose of establishing comparative advantages of foreign trade between Turkey and BRICS countries which have a quarter of the world's total Gross Domestic Product, were examined foreign trade data based on BEC classification and covering the 2000-2016 period, and also were implemented Analysis of Revealed Comparative Advantage developed by Bela Balassa. According to the calculated values of the RCA, Turkey has high competitive power in the Russian and Indian markets in the Capital Goods. In the Producer Goods Turkey is advantageous only in the Chinese market. Also, Turkey has high competitive power in Brazil, Russia and South Africa markets in the Consumption Goods. In Other Goods group the RCA values are high in Russian and İndian markets. Groups of goods in a disadvantageous position are: China and South Africa – Capital Goods, Russia – Producer Goods, China – Consumptions Goods, China and Brazil - Other Goods group.

INVESTIGATION OF THE CRITICAL THINKING TRENDS OF PRE-SERVICESOCIAL INFORMATION TEACHERS

Yakup ATEŞ,, Erdem YAVUZ — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether of critical thinking trends scores of pre-service social information teachers in terms of some variables(gender, class level, graduated secondary school level, perceived social economic level, place where majority of life is spent, perceived parental attitude and number of books read per year).Research; is a study based on relational screening model.The research group of the study is made up of total 239 (100%)pre-service social information teachers, determined with simple random sampling method.134 (56.1%) females and 105 (43.9%) males students, who were educated in the Department of Social Studies Teaching Department of Atatürk University Kazim Karabekir Education Faculty in the academic year of 2017-2018 and determined with simple random sampling method.Critical Thinking Disposition Scale (Akın et al., 2013)and Personal Information Form were used as the data collection tools in the research.In the studywas examined Independent Samples t Test and One-Way Anovain thepre-service social information teachers whether of critical thinking variable according to gender, grade level, graduated secondary school level, perceived social economic level, place of majority of life, perceived parental attitude and number of books read per year. According to the findings obtained in the research;pre-service social information teachers mean scores for critical thinking differed significantly according to gender, place of residence, perceived parental attitudes, and number of book readings;it was determined that there was no meaningful difference in perceived social-economic level, according to the graduated secondary school level and class level.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORGIVENESS BEHAVIOUR, LIFE SATISFACTION AND TRAIT- ANGER OF THE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Gözde Aynur ASLAN,, Leyla ERCAN — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between forgiveness behaviour, life satisfaction and trait- anger of the university students. The research group consisted of 638 students from twelve different departments from Gazi University Faculty of Education in Ankara. “Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS)”, “Satisfaction with Life Scale (SwLS)”, “Continuous Anger” subscale of “Continuous Anger and Anger Expression Style Scale” and “Personal Info Form” were applied in data acquisition of this research. The SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used for the analysis of the collected data. To analyse the data; independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used. In the light of this research, the scores of forgiveness and life satisfaction of female students are significantly higher than male students. Trait-anger scores of male students, on the other hand, are higher than female students. The scores of forgiveness of the situation are higher among Computer Education and Instructional Technology students than Art Teaching students. Also, the scores of general forgiveness of Psychological Counselling and Guidance students are higher than Elementary Mathematics Teacher Education and Social Sciences Teaching students. No meaningful relationship between the forgiveness behaviour and age and on-going education level was found, all sub-dimensions of forgiveness and life satisfaction are positively related into each other, however; forgiveness of the case is the furthest positively related one with life satisfaction. All sub-dimensions of forgiveness are negatively related to trait-anger, yet least negatively related one is the self-forgiveness. In the light of the research, it was found that all sub-dimensions of forgiveness are positively related into each other. A negative and a medium- level relationship between life satisfaction and trait- anger was found. The acquired findings were discussed with conducted researches and some suggestions were made.

LIGHT IN PHOTOGRAPHY

Ayşe Derya KAHRAMANAyşe Derya KAHRAMAN, — 2024-08-29

The principle of human vision and the photography principle of photography are the work the same. Light is emitted by the spread of electromagnetic waves. The light is in different wave lengths. Color units formed by breakage of wave length are called light spectrum. In the human eye and photography, the electromagnetic wave length between red and purple is used. Setting the light conditions well in the photography allows you to take the correct photographs. You may need to use different lights depending on the quality of the image. Different light sources can be sorted as natural light, direct light, reverse light, side light, point light, reflected light. Timing is important when shooting, it is important to investigate the light of the room, the timing of the shooting, the inside and outside characteristics of the room, the nature and causes of the light sources to be used, and the quality. In this study, the light is examined in depth and information about the effects of light on correct photography is given. It is thought that the this research will contribute to the field through given examples.

GLOBAL GENDER GAP: G-20, EU and TURKEY

Hasan ERYÜRÜK, — 2024-08-29

Sex and gender concepts have a key role in expressing differences in people. A person who is separated as a man or a woman on the basis of biological sex is influenced by the determination of the society in which he lived from birth to his death. Because societies define roles and tasks for women and men according to their genders. Apart from a homogenous atmosphere, the different roles and duties imposed on women and men have great differences in collecting from the society in the global meaning. In other words, having different religions, languages, cultures and backgrounds than the ones of the societies shapes the boundaries for the position of women and man in the relevant society. The global gender gaps index can facilitate the identification of differences between countries, when assessed as the difference between men and women, and more particularly as a form of expression of inequalities. The creation of index data based on different criteria makes it clear to women and men the positions they have in society. In this context, that aims to introduce the G-20 position in the European Union and candidate countries with which Turkey is a member of the advantage of position indices in the context of gender-related data.