Sahtekarlık Fenomeni Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma

Author :  

DOI : 10.26449/sssj.3901
Year-Number: 2022-96
Language : null
Konu :
Number of pages: 890-901
Mendeley EndNote Alıntı Yap

Abstract

The impostor phenomenon; explained as one’s feeling of success due to external factors despite being objectively successful as a person is due to his/her qualities and adequacy, not due to externality. (Clance & Imes, 1978) Morevoer , the impostor phenomenon can be described as one’s self doubt of his/her self achivements and further feel interiorized failure. The purpose of this study is to define the positivity of this phenomenon and creating awareness. Literature scanning was used in the study. One national publication has been reached regarding subject. In addition, external data sources were searched and 240 publications were accessed and 86 publications paralleling with our study were analysed. As a multiversed phenomenon, impostor should be examined in terms of social, institutional and interpersonal dimensions, and the place of sports in this context should also be evaluated. The study of imposter phenomenon can be efficiently used in sports due to athletes personal characteristics and gender ineuqalities. Like women, male athletes may not experience equal effects in success. That's why the imposter phenomenon in sports will be the course of versatile research, where all area will be complemented by a context.

Keywords

Abstract

Sahtekârlık fenomeni; bir kişinin objektif olarak başarılı olmasına rağmen, yeterlilik ve niteliklerinden ziyade, başarısının yabancı faktörlerden kaynaklandığı duygusudur. (Clance & Imes, 1978) Ayrıca sahtekârlık fenomeni “kişinin kendinden veya başarılarından şüphe ettiği” ve “bu şüpheye maruz kalmanın getirdiği içselleştirilmiş başarısızlık korkusu” olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı “sahtekârlık fenomeni” kavramının anlamlılığını göstermek, boyutlarını tanımlayarak kavramı açıklamak ve bu konuda farkındalık yaratmaktır. Çalışmada literatür taraması kullanılmıştır. Literatür taraması sonucunda konuyla ilgili bir ulusal yayına ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırma için yabancı veri kaynakları da taranmış olup 240 uluslararası yayına ulaşılmış ve çalışma konusuna paralellik gösteren 86 yayın incelenmiştir. Sahtekârlık fenomeni çok yönlü bir olgu olarak toplumsal, kurumsal ve kişiler arası olarak incelenmeli ve bu bağlamda sporun içindeki yeri de değerlendirilmelidir. Sahtekârlık fenomeninin, çok boyutlu olarak araştırılması açısından sporun çok verimli bir alan olduğu gözlenmektedir. Gerek sporun yapısal olarak getirdiği cinsiyet ayrımı gerekse sporcuların kişisel özellikleri, sahtekârlık fenomeninin tecrübe edilmesi için uygun şartlar oluşturabilir. Kadın sporcular gibi erkek sporcular da toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği yaşamaksızın başarı baskısı altında bu fenomeni tecrübe edebilir. İşte bu yüzden sporda sahtekârlık fenomeni, çok yönlü araştırmaların yapılacağı, her bir bağlamın birbirini tamamlayacağı bir alan olacaktır

Keywords

Kaynakça

  • Anderson-Zorn, A. (2021). ‘’Do I Belong? Impostor Syndrome in Times of Crisis’’, Music Reference Services
  • Anderson-Zorn, A. (2021). ‘’Do I Belong? Impostor Syndrome in Times of Crisis’’, Music Reference Services Quarterly, 1-11.
  • Arena, D. M. & Page, N. E. (1992). ‘’The imposter phenomenon in the clinical nurse specialist role’’, Journal of Nursing Science,24(2), 121-125.
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). ‘’The measurement of psychological androgyny’’, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 42, 155–162.
  • Bernard, N. S.; Dollinger, S. J.& Ramaniah, N. V. (2002).’’ Applying the big five personality factors to the impostor phenomenon’’, J. Pers. Assess. 78, 321–333.
  • Bian, L.; Leslie, S.-J.& Cimpian, A. (2017). ‘’Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests’’, Science 355, 389–391.
  • Bilgili, G.(2012). ‘’Elit bayan sporcular ile spor yapmayan bayan öğrencilerin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri açısındankarşılaştırılması ( Türkiye’deki Üniversiteler üzerine bir araştırma)’’, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Saglık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı, Erzurum.
  • Bourne T, De Cock B.& Wynants L.(2017) .’’Doctors’ perception of support and the processes involved incomplaints investigations and how these relate to welfare and defensive practice: a cross-sectional survey of the UK physicians’’, Volume 7, Issue 11,1-11.
  • Bravata, D.M.; Watts S.A.& Keefer, A.L.(2020).’’ Prevalence, predictors, and treatment of impostor syndrome: a systematic review’’, J Gen Intern Med 52–75.
  • Bussotti, C. (1990). The impostor phenomenon: Family roles and environment. (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University).Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 4041B-4042B.
  • Cader,A.; Gupta,A.; Han J.; Nasrien E. ; Lundberg G.; Ambreen M.& Singh,T. (2021).‘ How Feeling Like an Imposter Can Impede Your Success Voices In Cardıology ‘’ ,JACC Case Reports 3(2):347-349.
  • Chae, J.-H.; Piedmont, R. L.;Estadt, B. K. & Wicks, R. J. (1995). ‘’Personological evaluation of Clance’;s Impostor Phenomenon Scale in a Korean sample’’, Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(3), 468–485.
  • Chapman, A. (2017).’’ Using the assessment process to overcome Imposter Syndrome in mature students’’, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 41(2), 112-119.
  • Chrisman, S. M.; Pieper, W. A.; Clance, P. R.; Holland, C. L.& Glickauf-Hughes, C. (1995). ‘’Validation of the clance impostor phenomenon scale’’, J. Pers. Assess. 65, 456–467.
  • Chrousos, G. P.& Mentis, A. A. (2020).’’ Imposter syndrome threatens diversity’’, Nature 367, 749–750.
  • Chrousos, G. P.; Mentis, A. A. & Dardiotis, E. (2020). ‘’Focusing on the neuro-psycho-biological and evolutionary underpinnings of the imposter syndrome’’, Front. Psychol. 11:1553.
  • Clance, P. R. (1985). The Impostor Phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that haunts your success. Peachtree Publishers, Georgia.
  • Clance, P. R. & Imes, S. A. (1978). ‘’The impostor phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention’’, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15, 241–247.
  • Clance, P.R. & O’Toole, M.A. (1987). “The impostor phenomenon: an internal barrier to empowerment and achievement”, Women and Therapy, Vol. 6 No. 3, 51-64.
  • Cohen, T. R.; Wolf, S. T.; Panter, A. T. & Insko, C. A. (2011). ‘’Introducing the GASP scale: A new measure of uilt and shame proneness’’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 947–966.
  • Cokley, K.; Awad, G.; Smith, L.; Jackson, S.; Awosogba, O.& Hurst, A. (2015). ‘’The roles of gender stigmaconsciousness, impostor phenomenon and academic self- concept in the academic outcomes of women and men’’, Sex Roles 73, 414–426.
  • Cokley, K.; Smith, L.; Bernard, D.; Hurst, A.; Jackson, S.& Stone, S. (2017). ‘’Impostor feelings as a moderatorand mediator of the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health among racial/ethnic minority college students’’, J. Couns. Psychol. 64, 141–154.
  • Cokley, K.; McClain, S.; Enciso, A.& Martinez, M. (2013). ‘’An examination of the impact of minority statusstress and impostor feelings on the mental health of diverse ethnic minority college students’’, J. Multicult. Counse. Devel. 41, 82–95.
  • Coryell, J. E.; Wagner, S.; Clark, M. C. & Stuessy, C. (2013). ‘’Becoming real: Adult student impressions of developing an educational researcher identity’’, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 37(3), 367-383.
  • Cowman, S. E.& Ferrari, J. R. (2002). ‘’Am I for real?” Predicting impostor tendencies from self-handicapping and affective components’’, Soc. Behav. Pers. 30, 119–126.
  • Dickerson, D. (2019).’’ How I Overcame İmpostor Syndrome After Leaving Academia’’, Nature 574, 588–588.
  • Dinnel, D. L.; Hopkins, J. & Thompson, T. (2002). ‘’The role of family environment variables in the developmentof failure-avoidant behaviours’’, Self-Concept Enhancement and Learning Facilitation (SELF) Research Centre International Conference, Sydney, Australia.
  • Dweck, C.S. (1986), “Motivational processes affecting learning”, American Psychologist, Vol. 41 No. 10, 1040- 1048.
  • Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J. (2002). ‘’Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders’’, Psychol. Rev. 109, 573–598.
  • Eagly, A. H.; Wood, W.& Diekman, A. B. (2000). “Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: a current appraisal,” in The Developmental Social Pychology of Gender 123–174.
  • Edwards, P. W.;Zeichner, A.; Lawler, N. & Kowalski, R. (1987).’’ A validation study of the Harvey Impostor Phenomenon Scale’’, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 24(2), 256–259.
  • Ellemers, N. (2018). ‘’Gender stereotypes’’, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 69, 275–298.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (2005).‘’Impostor tendencies and academic dishonesty: Do they cheat their way to success? ‘’,Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 33(1), 11-18.
  • Freeman, j. & Peisah C. ( 2021).’’ Imposter syndrome in doctors beyond training: a narrative review The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’’ J Gen Intern Med., 35(4): 1252–1275.
  • Furnham A.; Reeves,E.& Budhani S.(2002). ‘’Parents think their sons are brighter than their daughters: sexdifferences in parental self-estimations and estimations of their children; multiple intelligences’’ Genet Psychol.163(1):24-39.
  • Gardner, R. G., Bednar, J. S., Stewart, B. W., Oldroyd, J. B.& Moore, J. (2019).’’ “I must have slipped through thecracks somehow” An examination of coping with perceived impostorism and the role of social support’’,Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol.115, 1-15.
  • Gardner, S.& Holley, K. (2011).’’ Those invisible barriers are real: The progression of first-generation students through doctoral education’’, Equity & Excellence in Education, 44(1), 77-92.
  • Gómez-Morales,A.(2021).’’ Impostor Phenomenon: A Concept Analysis’’, Nursing Science Quarterly ,Vol. 34(3) 309– 315.
  • Gravois, J. (2007).’’You’re not fooling anyone’’, The Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/youre-not-fooling-anyone/
  • Gray, K. (2019). ‘’4 successful people share how they triumphed over imposter syndrome, the belief that you’ll beexposed as a “fraud”’’, Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.fr/us/how-to-overcome-imposter-syndrome- 2019-1
  • Grubb, W. L. & McDowell, W. C. (2012). ‘’The imposter phenomenon’s impact on citizenship behavior and employee commitment: Flying under the radar’,. Journal of Business, 1, 1–10.
  • Hall, M .A.(1988) “The discourse of gender and sport: From femininity to feminism”, J Sport Soc 1988; 5, 330- 340.
  • Haney, T. S.; Birkholz, L.& Rutledge, C. (2018). A workshop for addressing the impact of the imposter syndrome on clinical nurse specialists. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 32(4), 189-194.
  • Harvey , J.C.(1981). ‘The imposter phenomenon and achievement : a failure to internalize success’ Doctoral dissertation, Temple University.
  • Haynes, M. C.& Heilman, M. E. (2013). ‘’It had to be you (not me): women’s attributional rationalization of their contribution to successful joint work outcomes’’, Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 39, 956–969.
  • Heilman, M. E. (2001). ‘’Description and prescription: how gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder’’, J. Soc. Issues 57, 657–674.
  • Heilman, M. E. (2012). ‘’Gender stereotypes and workplace bias’’, Res. Organ. Behav. 32, 113–135.
  • Hellman, C.& Caselman T.D. (2004). “A Psychometric Evaluation of the Harvey Imposter Phenomenon Scale,” Journal of Personality Assessment 83, no. 2: 162
  • Henning, K. ; Ey, S. & Shaw, D. (1998).’’ Perfectionism, the impostor phenomenon and psychological adjustment in medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students’’, Medical Education, 32(5), 456-464.
  • Hudson, S.& Gonz´alez-G´omez, H. (2021). ‘’Can impostors thrive at work? The impostor phenomenon role in work and career outcomes’’;Journal of Vocational Behavior 128.
  • Hutchins, H. M. (2015).’’ Outing the imposter: a study exploring imposter phenomenon among higher education faculty’’, New Horiz. Adult Educ. Hum. Resour. Dev. 27, 3–12.
  • Hutchins, H. M.; Penney, L. M. & Sublett, L. W. (2018). ‘’What imposters risk at work: Exploring imposter phenomenon, stress coping, and job outcomes’’, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 29, 31–48.
  • Karina K.L. Mak., Kleitman S. & Abbot, M., (2019) “Impostor Phenomenon Measurement Scales: A Systematic Review,” Frontiers in Psychology: Quantitative Psychology and Measurement ,10 ,671.
  • Kazaz, M.& Hansu,C.(2020). ‘’Spor ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet’’ ,( Ed.Tuğba Akdal), Multidisipliner Toplumsal Cinsiyet Tartışmaları, Literatürk Academia. Konya.
  • King, J. E.& Cooley, E. L. (1995). ‘’Achievement orientation and the impostor phenomenon among college students’’, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20(3),
  • King, J. E.& Clarke, C.A. (2014) .‘’It’s a Bittersweet Symphony, this Life: Fragile Academic Selves and Insecure Identities at Work’’, Organization Studies, Vol. 35(3) 335 –357.
  • Kite, M. E.; Deaux, K. & Haines, E. L. (2008). Gender stereotypes in Psychology of Women: A Handbook of Issues and Theories, eds F. L. Denmark & M. A. Paludi ,New York: Greenwood Press, 205–236.
  • Köse, A.(2015).’Egemen Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rollerinin Söylemsel İnşasında Spor Basını: Aslanlar, Kartallar veTimsahlar Dünyasında Peri ve Melek Olmak’,( Edt. Şahinde Yavuz), Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Medya Temsilleri, Heyamola Yayınları, İstanbul, ss.197-225.
  • Kumar, S. & Jagacinski, C. M. (2006). ‘’Imposters have goals too: the imposter phenomenon and its relationship to achievement goal theory’’, Pers. Individ. Differ. 40, 147–157.
  • Kumar, S.; Kailasapathy, P. & Mudiyanselage, S. A. (2021), "It’s my luck: impostor fears, the context, gender and achievement-related traits", Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2021-0149
  • LaDonna, K.A.; Ginsburg, S. Watling, C.(2018). “Rising to the level of your incompetence: what physicians’ self- assessment of their performance reveals about the imposter syndrome in medicine’, Acad Med ,93:763-8.
  • Leach, P. K.; Nygaard, R. M.; Chipman, J. G.; Brunsvold, M. E. & Marek, A. P. (2018). ‘’Impostor phenomenon and burnout in general surgeons and general surgery residents’’, Journal of Surgical Education,76(1), 99-106.
  • Leonhardt, M.; Myriam, N.B. & Rohrmann,S.(2017). “All Impostors Aren’t Alike Differentiating the Impostor Phenomenon,” Frontiers in Psychology: Personality and Social Psychology, 8.
  • McClain, S.; Beasley, S. T.; Jones, B.; Awosogba, O.; Jackson, S. & Cokley, K. (2016). ‘’An examination of theimpact of racial and ethnic identity, impostor feelings, and minority status stress on the mental health of Black college students’’, Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(2), 101–117.
  • McDowell, W. C.; Boyd, N. G. & Bowler, W. M. (2007). ‘’Overreward and the impostor phenomenon’’, Journal of Managerial Issues, 19(1), 95–110.
  • McGregor, L. N.; Gee, D. E., & Posey, K. E. (2008).’’ I feel like a fraud and it depresses me: The relation betweenthe impostor phenomenon and depression’’, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(1), 43-Mullangi, S. & Jagsi, R.(2019).’’ Imposter syndrome: treat the cause, not the symptom’’, JAMA 2019;322:403–4.
  • Noyan ,İ.(2006). Elit Kadın Sporcular Ve Kadın Akademisyenler İle Spor Yapmayan Kadınların ToplumsalCinsiyet Rol Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması , Yüksek Lisans Tezi,Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim dalı, Eskişehir.
  • Özdemir, G. (2015). Başarılarımın sahibi ben değilim: Sosyal kimlik, sosyal baskınlık ve sistemi meşrulaştırmakuramları perspektifinden sahtekâr fenomeni, Yüksek Lisans Tezi Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Patzak, A. ; Kollmayer, M.& Schober, B.(2017).’’ Buffering Impostor Feelings with Kindness: The Mediating Role of Self-compassion between Gender-Role Orientation and the Impostor Phenomenon’’, Front. Psychol.
  • Pervez, A.; Brady, L.; Mullane, K. ;. Lo, K. ; Bennett A.& Nelson, A. (2020).’’ An Empirical Investigation ofMental Illness Impostor’’, Syndrome, and Social Support in Management Doctoral Programs Journal of Management Education 2021, Vol. 45(1) 126– 158.
  • Powell, G. N.; Butterfield, D. & Parent, J. D. (2002).’’ Gender and Managerial Stereotypes: Have the Times Changed?’’, Journal of Management, 28(2), 177-193.
  • Rohrmann, S.; Bechtoldt, M. N. & Leonhardt, M. (2016). ‘’Validation of the impostor phenomenon among managers’’,Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 821.
  • Ross, S.; Stewart, J.; Mugge, M.& Fultz, B.(2001). ‘’The imposter phenomenon, achievement dispositions, and the five factor mode’’, Personality and Individual Differences’, 31 1347-1355.
  • Sakulku, J. & Alexander, J. (2011). ‘’The impostor phenomenon’’, International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 6, 75–97.
  • Sandberg, S. (2013). Lean in: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. New York.
  • Feenstra, S.; Begeny, C.T.; Ryan, M.R.; Rink, F.; Stoker J.& Jordan, J.(2020).’’ Contextualizing the Impostor “Syndrome” Frontiers in Psychology , Volume 11 ,Article 575024.
  • Seritan, A. L. & Mehta, M. M. (2015).’’ Thorny Laurels: The impostor phenomenon in academic psychiatry’’, Academic Psychiatry, 40(3), 418-421.
  • Simmons,D.,(2016) .“Impostor Syndrome, a Reparative History,” Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 2 :Sonnak, C. & Towell, T. (2001).’’ The impostor phenomenon in British university students: Relationships betweenself-esteem, mental health, parental rearing style and socioeconomic status’’,Personality and Individual Differences,31(6), 863-874.
  • Sotiropoulos, M. (2021). ‘’Impostor syndrome: a calling for a career in medical education?’’, Postgraduate Medical Journal 2021;97:264-265.
  • Spence, J. T. & Helmreich, R. L. (1972).’’ The attitudes toward women scale: an objective instrument to measure attitudes toward the rights and roles of women in contemporary society’’, Cat. Sel. Doc. Psychol. 2, 66–67.
  • The Spinoff. (2020). ‘’Five successful New Zealand women on how they deal with imposter syndrome’’, Retrievedfrom https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/22- 10-2020/five-successful-new-zealand-women-on-how-they-deal-with- imposter-syndrome/.
  • Therberge, N.,(1993) .’’The Construction of Gender in Sport: Women, Coaching, and the Naturalization of Difference Social Problems’’ Volume 40, Issue 3, 301–313.
  • Thompson, T.;Davis, H. & Davidson, J. (1998). ‘’Attributional and affective responses of impostors to academic success and failure outcomes’’, Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 381–396.
  • Topping, M. E.& Kimmel, E. B. (1985).’’ The imposter phenomenon: feeling phony’’, Acad. Psychol. Bull. 7,Vergauwe, J., Wille, B., Feys, M., De Fruyt, F. & Anseel, F. (2015). ‘’Fear of being exposed: The trait-relatednessof the impostor phenomenon and its relevance in the work context’’, Journal of Business and Psychology, 30, 565–
  • Villwock, J. A.; Sobin, L. B.; Koester, L. A. & Harris, T. M. (2016). ‘’Impostor syndrome and burnout among American medical students: A pilot study’’, International Journal of Medical Education, 7, 364-369.
  • Walker, L. & Avant, K. (2005). ‘Strategies for theory construction in nursing (4th ed.), Pearson/Prentice Hall.
  • Want, J. & Kleitman, S. (2006).’’ Feeling “Phony”: Adult achievement behaviour, parental rearing style and self- confidence’’, Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 40(5), 961-971.
  • Weinberg, R. S. & Gould, D. (1995). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology ,Human Kinetics Publishers. Weir, K. (2013). ‘’Feel like a fraud?’’ GradPsych, 11(4), 24-27.
  • Yao, D.(2021).’’Depth and Persistence: What Researchers Need to Know About Impostor SyndromeUnderstanding impostor syndrome’s complexity and its effect on research persistence’’, Communıcations of the acm .Vol, 64 No, 6,39-42.
  • Zanchetta, M.; Junker, S.; Wolf, A.-M. & Traut-Mattausch, E. (2020).“Overcoming the fear that haunts your success–The effectiveness ofinterventions for reducing the impostor phenomenon’’, Front. Psychol. 11:405.
MAKALE İSTATİSTİKLERİ

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        



                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                      
                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
LINKS

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
     Last issue
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
         Previous issues
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • 
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    Article Statistics
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
    • 

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                        




                                                                                                                                                                                                        


                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        



                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
Share