Author :
Abstract
Stereotip kavramı son yıllarda sıklıkla ele alınan konular arasında yer almaktadır. İnsan davranışlarının şekillenmesinde kültür, dil, din ve sosyal çevrenin önemli etkileri söz konusu olmaktadır. Stereotipler genellikle küçük yaşlardan itibaren oluşmaya başlamakta ve insan davranışlarını şekillendirmektedir. Stereotip terimi, insanların zihinlerinde insanlar veya olayların görüntülerini çoğaltmak için bilişsel kalıpları veya çerçeveleri nasıl kullandıklarını açıklamak için kullanılan bir kavramdır. Terimi ilk kullanan kişi olan Lippmann, insanların “kafalarında resimler” yaratarak çevrelerini basitleştirdiklerini, bunun da bir denge ve anlam hissine yol açtığını belirtmektedir. Stereotipler zaman içerisinde oluşmakta, olumsuz stereotipler ileriki aşamada ayrımcılığa dönüşebilmektedir. Stereotipler olumlu, olumsuz, ırksal, cinsiyet ve yaş olarak çeşitli türlerde ele alınmaktadır. Yaş stereotipleri genellikle iş hayatı ve sosyal hayat içerisinde görülmektedir.
Keywords
Abstract
The concept of stereotype is among the topics frequently addressed in recent years. Culture, language, religion and social environment have important effects in shaping human behavior. Stereotypes often begin to form from an early age and shape human behavior. The term stereotype is a concept used to describe how people use cognitive patterns or frameworks to replicate images of people or events in their minds. Lippmann, who was the first to use the term, states that people simplified their environment by creating “pictures in their heads”, which led to a sense of balance and meaning. Stereotypes are formed over time, and negative stereotypes can develop into discrimination in the future. Stereotypes are addressed in various genres, such as positive, negative, racial, gender, and age. Age stereotypes are often seen in work and social life.
Keywords
- Abay, A. R. (2007). How Should We Look At The Phenomenon Of Old Age?. Mustafa Kemal Şan (Ed.).
- Abay, A. R. (2007). How Should We Look At The Phenomenon Of Old Age?. Mustafa Kemal Şan (Ed.).Sociology writings I / Sakarya University sociology department in collaboration (269-281). Istanbul: Kızılelma Publishing.
- Abay. A. R. and Demir, S. A. (2014). Intergenerational Social Change According To Certain Parameters (AComparison On Family Values). Journal of Academic enquiries. Volume/Volume: 9, Issue/Issue: 1, Year/Year: 2014 125-151
- Adler, N. J. (1991). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. Boston. MA: PWS-Kent. Akçay, C. (2011). Aging Concepts, Theories and Preparation for Aging. Benchmark: Istanbul
- Allport, G.W.: (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Oxford, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
- Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54(7), 462-479. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462
- Birinci, E. (2018). “ Investigation of University Students in Generation Y on Old Age: The Case of Anadolu University, ” Doctoral Thesis, Yalova University Institute of Social Sciences, Yalova.
- Bigler, R. S. and Liben, L. S. (2006). A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes andprejudice. Advances in Child Development and Behaviour, 34, 39-89. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2407(06)80004- Brigham, J. C. (1971). Ethnic Stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin. 76(1), 15-38.
- Butler, R.N., (2004). Preface to the Future of Ageism. International Longevity Center, New York, USA.Cardwell, M. (1999). Dictionary of psychology. Chicago Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1579580643.
- Castelli, L., Carraro, L., Tomelleri, S. and Amari, A. (2007). White children's alignment to the perceivedracial attitudes of the parents: Closer to the mother than the father. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 353-357.
- Chow, N., & Bai, X. (2011). Modernization and its impact on Chinese older people’s perception of their own image and status. International Social Work, 54, 800–815. doi:10.1177/0020872811406458
- Christian, J., Turner, R., Holt, N., Larkin, M., & Cotler, J. H. (2014). Does intergenerational contact reduce ageism: When and how contact interventions actually work? Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3, 1–15.
- Cowperthwaite, P. (2010). Culture Matters: How Our Culture Affects The Audit‖. Accounting Perspectives. Cilt: 9, Sayı: 3. 175-215.
- De Angelo, L.M., (2000). Stereotypes and stigma: biased attributions in matching older persons with drawings of viruses? Inter. J. Aging Hum. Dev. 51, 143–154.
- Devine, P. G.: (1989). “Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components.”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56/1, 5.
- Dessi, R. (2008). Collective Memory, Cultural Transmission, and Investments‖. American Economic Review. Cilt: 98. Sayı: 1. 534-560.
- Drury, L., Abrams, D., Swift, H. J., Lamont, R. A., & Gerocova, K. (2017). Can caring create prejudice?An investigation of positive and negative intergenerational contact in care settings and the generalisation ofblatant and subtle age prejudice to other older people. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 27, 65–82. doi:10.1002/casp.2294
- Eagly, A. H., and Chaiken, S. (2007). The Advantages Of An Inclusive Definition Of Attitude. Social Cognition, 25, 582–602.
- Ford, T. E., C. Stangor: (1992)“The Role of Diagnosticity in Stereotype Formation: Perceiving Group Means and Variances.”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63/3, 356.
- Hilton, J., Von Hippel, W., (1996). Stereotypes. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 47, 237–271.
- Hurd, L. C. (2000). Older women’s body image and embodied experience: An exploration. Journal of Women & Aging, 12, 77–97. doi:10.1300/J074v12n03_06
- Isopahkala-Bouret, U. (2015). Graduation at age 50þ: Contested efforts to construct “third age” identitiesand negotiate cultural age stereotypes. Journal of Aging Studies, 35, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2015.07.001İmançer, D. (2004). The Use of Stereotype Concept in Language and Text Analysis from the Social Psychological Perspective. Selçuk Communication, 3,3. (128-142).
- Kawakami, K., Young, H. and Dovidio, J. F. (2002). Automatic stereotyping: Category, trait, and behavioral activations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(1), 3-15.
- Kite, M., Wagner, L., (2002). Attitudes towards older adults. In: Nelson, T. (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons. The TIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, pp. 129–161.
- Levy, B., Ashman, O. ve Dror, I. (2000). To be or not To Be: The Effects of Aging Stereotypes on the Willto Live. OMEGA-Journal Of Death and Dying. 40 (3). 409-420. Doi: 10.2190/Y2GEBVYQ-NF0E-83VR.
- Lou, V. W., & Dai, A. A. (2017). A review of nonfamilial intergenerational programs on changing agestereotypes and well-being in East Asia. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 15, 143–158. doi:10.1080/15350770.2017.1294427
- Major, B., L. T. O'brıen: (2005) “The Social Psychology of Stigma.”, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 56, 393-421.
- Mcconahay, J. B.: (1983) “Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination: The Effects of Race, RacialAttitudes, and Context on Simulated Hiring Decisions.”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9/4, 551-558.
- Öz, F. (2002). The Last Stage of Life: Old Age Psychosocial Review. Crisis Journal. 10 (2). 17-28 Özalp, E. (2014). Introduction to Sociology. 23. Edition. Bursa: Ekin Publishing.
- Page, S. (2007). Difference: The Power of Diversity How are Better Groups, Firms, Schools and Societies? Princeton: Princeton University Publications.
- Palmore, E. (1971). Attitudes Toward Aging As Shown By Humor. Gerontologist. 11, 181-186. Palmore, E.B., (1990). The Facts on Aging Quiz. Springer, New York.
- Riach, P. A., & Rich, J. (2007). An Experimental Investigation Of Age Discrimination In The SpanishLabour Market (IZA Discussion Papers, No. 2654). Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn: nbn:de:101:1-2008041670
- Rommes, E. (2006). Gender Responsive Design Applications. Trauth, E. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology, p. 675-681. Hershey: Idea Group Publishing.
- Santrock, J.W. (2012). Sociodemotional Development in Advanced Adulthood. (Translated by Z. Uçanok). G. Yüksel (Transl. Ed.). In Lifelong Development. (592-617). Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing.
- Schneider, D. J.: (2005). The Psychology of Stereotyping, New York, The Guilford Press.
- So, K. M., & Shek, D. T. L. (2011). Perceptions Of Older People Among Chinese Adolescents: ConceptualAnd Methodological İssues. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 23, 123–128. doi:10.1515/ijamh.2011.021
- Steele, C. (1997). A Threat in the Air: How Do Stereotypes Shape İntellectual İdentity And Performance? American Psychologist, 52 (6), 613-629.
- Sun, Q., Lou, V.W., Dai, A., To, C. (2019). The Effectiveness of the Young–Old Link and GrowthIntergenerational Program in Reducing Age Stereotypes. Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 29(5) 519-528
- Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Harwood, J., Voci, A., & Kenworthy, J. (2006). Intergroup contact andgrandparent-grandchild communication: The effects of self-disclosure on implicit and explicit biasesagainst older people. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 9, 413–429. doi:10.1177/1368430206064642
- Tyson, G. A. (1987). Social Psychology. In Introduction to Psychology: A South African Perspective edited by GA Tyson. Johannesburg: Westro Educational Books.
- Türkdoğan, O. (1996). Change-Culture and Social Disintegration. Istanbul: United Publishing.
- Wheeler, S.C., Petty, R.E., (2001). The Effects Of Stereotype On Behavior: A Review Of Possible Mechanisms. Psychol. Bull. 127, 797–826.
- Weiss, D., Sassenberg, K., & Freund, A. M. (2013). When feeling different pays off: How older adults cancounteract negative agerelated information. Psychology and Aging, 28, 1140–1146. doi:10.1037/a0033811Yücel, C., & Karataş, E. (2009). Job Values Adopted by Education Managers. Aegean Education Journal. 10 (2), 70-101.
